格魯吉亞政治轉型過程中非正式操作之探討

1991年蘇聯解體後，推翻了各前蘇聯共和國中包括格魯吉亞在內的威權體制，這同時也是他們歷史上首次的民主化革命，繼而也影響了後續的政治轉型。格魯吉亞在轉型的過程當中和其他前蘇聯轉型國家之間卻有不同的特點和值得探討之處，不論是從經濟為出發點，或者是以政治或宗教文化為取向，都能從中發掘不少的觀點和認識。因此，我們可以從多個面向，包括非正式制度中的操作、格魯吉亞的制度遺緒、格魯吉亞獨立前後政治制度中的非正式操作等等，來探討格魯吉亞轉型過程中所面對的問題以及在時序演進中所面臨的變革。本文認為，正式制度之下的非正式操作，包括非正式網絡的建立與潛規則的運行，以及恩庇侍從關係，對格魯吉亞來說有重大的影響，不管是從蘇聯時期所留下的制度遺緒，及其對格魯吉亞獨立後的憲政運作、政黨政治和選舉制度的確立來說都有極大的影響力；而恩庇侍從關係中以總統為首所建立的金字塔體系，更使格魯吉亞正式制度下的尋租行為與菁英競爭更加劇烈。因此，以恩從關係為代表的非正式操作，對於格魯吉亞的政治轉型與民主發展來說是一個阻礙。

關鍵字

格魯吉亞；政治轉型；制度遺緒；非正式操作；恩從關係

並列摘要

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the authoritarian regimes of the former Soviet republics were overthrown, including Georgia, which was also the first democratic revolution in their history, and subsequently affected the political transition. Compared with other transitional countries in the former Soviet Union, Georgia has its own characteristics in the process of transition, whether from the economy or political or religious culture perspectives. Therefore, we can explore the problems and changes faced in Georgia's transition from a number of perspectives, including the operation in the informal institutions, the institutional legacy in the history of Georgia, as well as the informal practice in the political system before and after Georgia's independence. The author argues that informal practices under the formal institution, including the establishment of informal networks and the operation of informal rules, as well as the patron-client relationship, have a major impact on Georgia. The Soviet legacy also influenced the constitutional operation, the party politics and the electoral system after Georgia’s independence. The pyramid system established by the president in the patron-client relationship has made the rent-seeking behavior and the elite competition under the formal institutions of Georgia more intense. Therefore, the informal operation characterized by patron-client relationship hinders the political transformation and democratic development of Georgia.