- 學位論文
一個美麗卻錯誤的夢： 卡爾巴柏對馬克思主義的瞭解與批判
A Beautiful Dream but a Mistake: Karl Popper's Understand about Marx's Communism
摘要
卡爾•巴柏(Karl Popper,1902-1994)是一個科學哲學家，也是政治哲學家。對許多人而言，巴柏是民主鬥士。他在12歳時經歷一次世界大戰，19歳短暫信奉了馬克思主義，37歳時正值二次世界大戰前夕，巴柏全家由奧地利遷移至紐西蘭，逃過猶太人大浩劫。 巴柏從實證主義的學術氛圍中發展出否證主義，主張否證所代表的劃時代意義。他不僅反對用歸納法提高可信度，更反對用這種偽科學來預測未來。巴柏並且將否證用於社會科學上，主張細部社會工程學和個體論的研究方式。 巴柏最主要的用意，其實在於提醒社會大眾馬克思主義的不可信賴。他從科學研究的角度，駁斥馬克思主義誤導大批有智慧的人相信，歷史預言是探討社會問題的正確方式。他也批判那些信奉馬克思主義的人，批判他們因為太過渴望一個應許的未來，反而將自身的理性和責任都置身腦後。巴柏表示缺乏批判基礎和變異性的制度無法給人類帶來幸福，反而只會帶來災禍。被歷史感綁架的人，無法寫下歷史，只會困在虛妄之中。 巴柏嚮往的開放社會，是以平等的基礎，暢通的溝通管道，相互討論改進的漸進模式，使每個人的幸福都能被照顧到的開放社會。雖然巴柏無法對他的開放社會提出更具體的實行方案，但是我們從他的時代課題與生長環境，以及他的理論當中進行分析，能夠學得分析時代問題的方式，體會生命尋找真理的過程。本文的研究的目的，就是從巴柏的時代背景與生命課題中，抽解出巴柏的看問題的方式，以及巴柏的社會熱情，最後回到大時代中，看巴柏一生的努力。
並列摘要
Karl Popper(1902-1994) is considered as not only a scientific philosopher but also a political philosopher; many others thought him as a fighter for democracy as well. He experienced WWI when he was twelve, believed in Marxism when he was nineteen, and escaped the massacre by moving from Austria to New Zealand with his family before WWII when he was thirty-seven. Popper developed the Falsification that when he was surrounded by the atmosphere of Positivism, which asserted the epochal meaning of falsification. He not only objected to establishing creditability through induction, but also objected to forecasting the future by this Pseudoscience. He also applied the Falsification test to social science, contending with the methodology of such piecemeal social technology and Individualism. The main idea of Popper is reminding the public of the increditablilty of Marxism. He contradicted the Marxist through that misled scores of intelligent people into believing that historical prophecy is a scientific way of approaching social problems. Moreover, he criticized Marxists that they were too eager to pursue a promised future, and this expectation makes people no longer rational or responsible for themselves. People who were occupied by such a sense of history could not describe the true history, but have been cocooned in illusions rarely. The Open Society promoted by Popper consisted of fair opportunity, free communication, and improvement in interaction and discussion. The welfare of everyone would not been ignored in this society. Though Popper could not raise a practical operation plan of his open society, yet we can still get some ideas of how to analyze the epochal issue. We can also appreciate the process of chasing the truth of life, by knowing the age and background he was in when he developed his theories. The main purpose of this thesis is to refine the means of how Popper considered and constructed an issue, and his enthusiasm about the society, by probing the historical background he grew up in. Consequently, we will go back to contemplate the life-long achievement of Popper with an overview of the age.