蘇聯對盛世才新疆政權的政策─以霸權理論分析

Soviet Policy toward Sheng Shi-tsai’s Regime in Xinjiang: Analysis from on Hegemony Theory

陳潁雋(Chen Ying-Jun)

指導教授 ： 戴萬欽

淡江大學/國際研究學院/俄羅斯研究所碩士班/碩士(2009年)

https://doi.org/10.6846/TKU.2009.01089

摘要

新疆由於地理位置與歷史淵源的因素，自民國以來歷任的主政者皆與蘇聯友好以求穩定新疆政權和經濟，而其中更以盛世才與蘇聯的關係最為密切。蘇聯透過政治、經濟和軍事方面的援助，建立與鞏固盛世才在新疆的統治。並且藉由對盛世才政權的控制與影響，使得新疆在其後中蘇關係的發展上，以及中國對日戰爭的過程中具有關鍵性的影響地位。本篇論文旨在闡述1933年至1942年間蘇聯對新疆盛世才政權的目的、主要措施與影響。著重於蘇聯對新疆盛世才的重要政策內容，並運用霸權理論針對主要議題提出研究假設加以分析驗證。

本文主要將探討下列議題：

一、蘇聯對新疆的企圖。
二、蘇聯援助與鞏固盛世才政權的目的。
三、蘇聯擴大控制新疆盛世才政權的主要措施。
四、蘇聯對新疆盛世才政策轉變的因素與影響。

透過相關文獻的評析以及徵引俄羅斯政治歷史檔案館與國史館的史料分析，除了驗證本文所提出的假設外，更對於蘇聯對盛世才新疆政權的政策得出以下結論：

一、蘇聯勢力在新疆的滲透主要透過三種途徑：提供軍事或經濟上的援助、派遣顧問和專家進行直接控制，以及思想上的滲透。蘇聯以此建立和穩固盛世才的親蘇政權，這也成為蘇聯在新疆擴張勢力的既定模式。
二、蘇聯對新疆盛世才的政策乃是蘇聯對外戰略的具體呈現。一方面強調國民政府在新疆的主權，避免影響蘇聯遠東戰略的佈局。而另一方面則是分別從軍事與經濟上加強對新疆的控制，顯示意圖主導盛世才政權的企圖。
三、蘇聯擴大對盛世才政權的控制，並從援助轉換到掠奪的立場，直接破壞雙方關係的基礎，導致盛世才轉而投向國民政府。
四、蘇聯面對盛世才的反蘇行為與國民政府的介入，盡管蘇聯不願放棄在新疆的既得利益，但情勢上並不容許蘇聯對盛世才採取大規模的反制措施。
五、蘇聯無意將新疆問題提升為中蘇兩國之間的問題，而新疆獨立於中國主權之外亦不符合蘇聯的最大利益。

關鍵字

新疆 ； 盛世才 ； 蘇聯與新疆的關係 ； 霸權理論

並列摘要

The geographical location and historical origin have made the leaders of Xinjiang have tried to cultivate friendly relationships with the Soviet Union for seeking the stabilization of economic and political power since the Chinese Republican era. Of all the leaders, Sheng Shi-tsai was the most active one. Through military, economic and political aids the Soviet Union helped Sheng Shi-tsai to consolidate his power base in Xinjiang. Moreover, because of its control over Sheng Shi-tsai’s regime, Xinjiang played a crucial role in the subsequent development of Sino-Soviet relationship and in Sino-Japanese war. The current thesis aims to discuss the Soviet Union’s intentions, main strategies and influences on the regime of Sheng Shi-tsai from 1933 to 1942. Also, it focuses on the content of Soviet Union’s strategies on Sheng Shi-tsai’s regime. In addition, some hypotheses and topics based on Hegemony Theory are analyzed and examined.

The major research topics are as follows:
1. The Soviet Union’s ambitions toward Xinjiang.
2. The intentions of the Soviet Union for aiding and consolidating the regime of Sheng Shi-tsai.
3. The major strategies of Soviet Union in controlling the regime of Sheng Shi-tsai in Xinjiang.
4. The Change of the Soviet Union’s policies on the regime of Sheng Shi-tsai and its impact.

Through the study of the relevant literature, as well as the analysis of the materials hold in Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (RGASPI) and Academia Historica, we not only confirm the hypotheses made in this thesis but also come to the following conclusions:

1. Three main approaches can be used for the Soviet’s Penetration to Xinjiang: the military and economic aids, the sending of advisors or experts for the direct control, and the penetration of the ideology. Through these ways, the Soviet Union set up and consolidate the regime of Sheng Shi-tsai. They have become the fixed strategies for Soviet’s Penetration to Xinjiang.

2. Through the policies of the Soviet Union on the regime of Sheng Shi-tsai we can understand the Soviet Union’s foreign strategy. The soviet Union, on one hand, emphasized sovereign of Guomindang (GMD) government over Xinjiang to avoid impacting the Soviet Union’s strategic layout in the Far East; on the other hand, it strengthened the military and economic control over Xinjiang in order to show its ambition to control Sheng’s regime.

3. The Soviet Union expanded the control over the regime of Sheng Shi-tsai. The change of the policies, from the aid to the plunder, resulted in Sheng's loyalty shifting away from the Soviets and back to the GMD.

4. Despite of anti-Soviet behavior of Sheng Shi-tsai and the intervene of the GMD government, Soviet Union didn’t want to give up the vested benefits in Xinjiang. However, the Soviet Union wasn’t allowed to take large-scale countermeasures to Sheng Shi-tsai.

5. The Soviet Union had no intention to escalate the problem of Xinjiang to the problem between the Soviet Union and China. On the other hand, Xinjiang independence from Chinese rule didn’t correspond to the best interests of the Soviet Union.

並列關鍵字

Xinjiang ； Sheng Shi-tsai ； Soviet Union-Xinjiang Relationship ； Hegemony Theory

參考文獻

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