國軍參謀本部之研究(1917年至1946年)

國軍最早的軍令系統，可追溯至1917年廣州護法軍政府時代，孫文以大元帥的名義，成立可統一作戰、傳達軍令的「參謀處」，以及作為傳達口令與命令的「參軍處」。直到1928年11月，才成立了不受行政、立法、司法、考試、監察等五院控制的「參謀部」，因直隸於國民政府，故稱國民政府參謀部。此時，國民政府的軍政與軍令系統，也因為軍事委員會的撤銷，將軍政部歸行政院管理，形成軍政、軍令分立。 1923年1月，孫文與蘇聯，在政治與軍事上，開始了緊密的合作關係。蘇聯的目的有三：其一、幫助國民黨建立軍隊，並引進監察軍隊的政工制度；其二、協助國民黨，反英美帝國主義國家；其三、逐漸滲透並掌握國民黨的政治、軍事，建立赤化的跳板。蘇聯掌控國軍的方法有三種：其一、當國軍官兵不了解蘇聯式的軍事制度時，蘇聯顧問會以專業軍人的角度，進行指導；其二、蘇聯顧問，會出席每一次的軍事委員會，與中央執行委員會政治會議，對國軍的組織、補給、軍事撥款、一般參謀作業瞭若指掌；其三、引進「以黨領軍」的政工制度，自黃埔軍校第三期學員開始，灌輸共產思想。1927年，四一二清黨後，國民政府與蘇聯決裂，但卻保留了政工制度。在政工制度的影響下，國軍參謀體系功能被削弱，而軍中的黨代表，有權力指揮或革職軍事長官，形成雙重指揮、雙重參謀制度，使得日後協助國民政府的美國，頗有怨言。北伐結束後，國民政府希望能建立一支現代化陸軍，故與德國軍事合作。當時的德國，既是現代化陸軍的典範，也是成立參謀本部的效仿對象。1932年，一二八淞滬會戰後，國民政府了解，國軍仍無法應付現代戰爭，其根本原因是軍政、軍令的尚未制度化，以及國軍參謀備受輕視，導致參謀無法善盡職責。國民政府為了解決軍政、軍令分立的問題，重新成立軍事委員會，以作為行政院軍政部，與國民政府參謀本部的溝通橋樑，並將參謀部，改為參謀本部。1938年1月，國民政府有感於指揮系統的不便，決定採納德國顧問的建議，將參謀本部改組為軍令部，再置於軍事委員會之下。因此，原本直隸於國民政府的參謀本部，終於納入軍政系統的軍事委員會，形成軍政、軍令一元化。繼德國之後，國民政府和法國曾短暫合作，法國顧問犀利批評國民政府的參謀本部，但時間過短，無法有效幫助國軍解決參謀無法發揮職責的問題。國軍雖經德國協助改制，但仍保留輕視參謀的文化與習慣。一直到1942年，美國顧問利用藍伽整訓，引進了美式陣中參謀。其後，經過美式訓練、裝備、參謀，改造的國軍在緬甸戰區果然發揮較好的實力。戰後，美國認為國軍在藍伽整訓後，已熟悉美式參謀的基礎下，決定以美國陸軍部的組織為範本，為國民政府設計以「守勢」為主的國防部，及國防部參謀本部。而在美國的設計下，以及美國本身給參謀的權力，造成國軍參謀的地位，有上升。其實蔣中正參謀部成立以來，除了越級指揮部隊外，也習慣藉由參謀總長下達命令，故使得外界誤以為參謀總長的權力大於國防部部長。事實上，在蔣中正的指揮方式下，無論是國防部部長或參謀總長，都無法善盡職責，必須聽從蔣中正的意志。

關鍵字

軍令系統；參謀部；軍令部；參謀本部；國防部參謀本部

並列摘要

The earliest Military Command system of the National Army can date back to the 1917 in the era of the Guangzhou Protectorate Military Government. In the name of the Grand Marshal, Sun Wen established a "Staff Office" that could unite operations and convey Military Command, and a "Joint Army Office" that convey the passwords and orders.Until November 1928 a "Staff Head" was established,that was not controlled by the five houses of Executive, Legislative, Judicial, Examination,and Control. Because it was directly under the National Government, it was called the National Government Staff Head.At this time, the Military Administration and Military Command system of the National Government, because the Military Committee canceled, the Military Administration Department was put under the management of the Executive Yuan, forming a separation of Military Administration and Military Command. In January 1923,Sun Wen and the Soviet Union began a close cooperative relationship in politics and military affairs.There are three purposes of the Soviet Union:First, to help the KMT build an army and introduce a Political Work system to supervise the army; Second, assisting the KMT and anti-British and American Imperialism countries; Third, gradually infiltrate and predominate the politics and military of the KMT, and establish a springboard for the Communist Party. There are three ways for the Soviet Union to control the National Army: First, when the National Army officers and soldiers do not understand the Soviet-style military system, Soviet consultant will guide them from the perspective of professional soldiers; Second, Soviet consultant will attend every Military Committee Meeting and the Central Executive Committee Meeting, and have a thorough knowledge of the organization, supplies, military appropriations, and general staff operations of the National Army; Third, the introduction of the Political Work system of "Leading the Army by the Party" started from the third phase of the Whampoa Military Academy and instilled communist ideology. In 1927, after the party was cleared in April 12, the National Government broke with the Soviet Union, but retained the Political Work system. Under the influence of the Political Work system, the function of the national Army’s staff system was weakened, and Party Representatives in the army had the power to command or dismiss military officers, forming a dual command and dual staff system, Make the United States, which will assist the national government in the future, complain. After the Northern Expedition, the National Government hoped to establish a modern army, so it cooperated with the German Military. At that time, Germany was not only a model of a modern army, but also a model for the establishment of the General Staff Headquarters. In 1932, after the Battle of Shanghai on January 28th, the National Government understood that the National Army was still unable to cope with modern warfare. The fundamental reason was that the Military Administration and Military Command were not yet institutionalized, as well as the contempt of the National Army staff, which made the staff unable to perform their duties. In order to solve the problem of the separation of Military Administration and Military Command, the National Government re-established the Military Committee to serve as a communication bridge between the Military Administration Department of the Executive Yuan and the General Staff Headquarters of the National Government. In January 1938, the National Government felt the inconvenience of the Military Command system and decided to adopt the suggestion of the German consultant to reorganize the General Staff Headquarters into a General Staff and place it under the Military Committee. Therefore, the General Staff Headquarters, which was originally directly under the National Government, was finally incorporated into the Military Committee of the Military Administration system, forming a unified Military Administration and Military Command. After Germany, the National Government and France had a short-term cooperation. French consultant sharply criticized the National Government’s General Staff Headquarters, but the time was too short to effectively help the National Army solve the problem of the staff’s inability to perform their duties. Although the National Army was assisted by Germany in restructuring, it still retained the culture and habit of despising staff. Until 1942, U.S. consultants used Ramgarh for training and introduced American-style staff officers. After American-style training, equipment, and staff, the reformed National Army has indeed exerted a better strength in the CBI Theater. After the war, the United States believed that the National Army had been familiar with the American staff after the Ramgarh training, and decided to use the organization of the United States Department of the Army as a model to design a "defensive" Ministry of National Defense for the National Government, and the General Staff Headquarters. However, the design of the United States and the power given to the staff by the United States. The status of the National Army Staff has been improved.