鑄造廠粉塵暴露特徵與健康影響之研究

Study of the dust exposure and health effect in foundry industry

張晏嘉(Yen-Chia Chang)

指導教授 ： 劉宏信

中山醫學大學/健康管理學院/公共衛生學系碩士班/碩士(2009年)

摘要

鑄造廠粉塵暴露濃度、成份與粒徑分布對勞工都將造成不同程度的傷害，根據文獻顯示結晶型游離二氧化碳及金屬暴露對勞工造成許多危害。本研究針對本國鑄造廠粉塵特徵及對勞工之健康影響進行探討。採集鑄造廠之總粉塵和可呼吸性粉塵，以感應耦合電漿放射光譜儀（ICP-OES）分析暴露金屬濃度、利用形成螢光化合物DCF偵測外生性反應性含氧物種含量，使用X-ray繞射儀分析可呼吸性粉塵中結晶型游離二氧化矽。以多階不同粒徑採樣器探討鑄造廠內各作業區域粉塵濃度及粒徑分佈情況。勞工血液中金屬濃度利用感應耦合電漿質譜儀（ICP-MS）分析，並分析勞工血液中脂質過氧化指標（脂質過氧化物和氧化低密度脂蛋白）以及抗氧化酵素（麩胱甘肽過氧化酵素、穀胱甘肽硫轉化酶和超氧化物歧化酵素）探討勞工氧化性傷害之狀況。
本研究結果顯示A廠廠區內總粉塵和可呼吸性粉塵濃度、總粉塵和可呼吸性粉塵中所含有之外生性含氧物種濃度、總粉塵中鎘、銅、鐵、錳、鎳、鉛和鋅，以及可呼吸性粉塵中的鎘、鉻、銅、鐵、錳和鎳之濃度皆顯著低於B廠。廠區內粉塵分布除了B廠清箱區之粉塵粗細粒徑比率相似以外，其餘各區域之粉塵多偏向於粗粒徑(83.1~87.6%)，其兩場內粉塵粒徑分布差異性不大。可呼吸性粉塵中之石英含量則A廠顯著高於B廠。外生性ROS之生成與總粉塵中鎘、鉻、銅、鐵、錳和鎳具有顯著正相關性。A廠勞工血液中金屬濃度鉻、銅、鎳和鉛顯著高於B廠，由於金屬具有長期累積性，並無法與採樣時空氣中金屬暴露濃度有適當的對照，而鑄造廠會因為訂單而經常調整其使用之金屬成份，因此本研究僅能探討勞工長期金屬暴露之狀況。兩廠之氧化壓力指標差異不大；氧化酵素活性B廠高於A廠，其中超氧化物歧化酵素(SOD)B廠是顯著高於A廠。
A廠廠內結晶型游離二氧化矽含量顯著較高，引起勞工氧化傷害，使其抗氧化酵素活性下降。此外，勞工血液中鉛與銅濃度較高，會增加氧化壓力；錳濃度較高會降低抗氧化酵素活性。綜合上述結果，鑄造廠區內粉塵內之部分金屬以及結晶型游離二氧化矽含量對於勞工會產生氧化壓力，降低抗氧化酵素活性，而結晶型游離二氧化矽對勞工之氧化傷害比金屬粉塵及外生性ROS之影響大；且空氣中外生性含氧物種的濃度亦會與金屬種類和濃度具有相關性，因此降低廠區內粉塵暴露的濃度是相當重要。

關鍵字

粉塵 ； 金屬 ； 反應性含氧物種 ； 氧化傷害

並列摘要

Workers have different levels of injury by dust exposures of different concentrations, components and particle sizes in foundry industry. According to the past references, under the exposure of crystalline free silica and heavy metal would cause harm to workers. This study is focusing on the correlation between the dust exposure and health effect to workers in foundry industry. To collect total dust and respirable dust in foundries, we analyzed the exposure concentration of heavy metal use ICP-OES, external reactive oxygen species is analyzed by non-fluorescent probe dichlorofluorescin (DCFH2) and oxidized dichlorofluorescein (DCF), and the crystalline free silica in respirable dust analyzed by X-ray Diffraction. Evaluation for the different particle sizes of the dust to the distribution and concentration of different work’s area in foundries by personal cascade marple impactor. We analyzed the concentration of heavy metal of worker’s blood use ICP-MS. We also assessment the oxidative stress level of workers by analyzed the concentration of lipid peroxidation (TBARs and ox-LDL) and antioxidants(GPx、GST and SOD).
The study showed that in the sampling duration, A foundry’s concentration of the total dust and respirable dust, external reactive oxygen species within total dust and respirable dust, Cd、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb, and Zn within total dust, and Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn and Ni within respirable dust is extremely lower than B foundry. Most areas have more coarse particle(83.1~87.6%),except the sand shake-out area has similar percentage between coarse particle and fine particle in B factory, and the two foundries have little difference in their dust particle sizes’ coverage. A factory has more crystalline free silica proportion in respirable dust than B factory. The concentration of external ROS has significant positive correlation with Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn and Ni in total dust. The concentration of heavy metal such as Cr、Cu、Ni and Pb of worker’s blood in A foundry are significant higher than B foundry. The concentration of heavy metal of worker’s blood results from long term cumulative exposure. Workers have little difference of oxidative stress in these two foundries; B foundry’s antioxidants are more active than A foundry, especially its SOD is extremely higher than A foundry.
A foundry has more crystalline free silica that causes oxidized injury to workers due to the decrease activeness of antioxidants. In addition, more Pb and Cu inside workers’ blood increase oxidative stress, and more concentration of Mn also decrease the activeness of antioxidants. Come to the conclusion that some heavy metal and crystalline free silica in the airborne dust cause the oxidative stress increase, but decrease the activeness of antioxidants. The influence for the oxidative stress of the exposure of workers to crystalline free silica has larger than metal of the dust and external reactive oxygen species. The ROS concentration of the dust in the air also has correlation with the kinds of heavy metal. It is important issue to decrease the concentration of dust in foundries.

並列關鍵字

dust ； metal ； reactive oxygen species ； oxidative stress

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