汽車維修業鈑噴勞工化學性危害暴露調查與健康風險評估

Investigation and health risk assessment of chemical hazard exposure of sheet metal and spray workers in the automotive maintenance industry

駱思涵(Si-Han Luo)

指導教授 ： 劉宏信

中山醫學大學/健康管理學院/職業安全衛生學系/碩士(2021年)

https://doi.org/10.6834/csmu202100129

摘要

汽車維修產業是一個技術密集型的服務性行業，隨著經濟蓬勃發展，機動車輛也跟著快速增長，且道路交通事故與車輛佔有率具高度相關，109年全國道路交通事故為30萬件，導致汽車維修業的需求上升。從事汽車維修業之勞工人數亦達8萬餘人。汽車維修業的鈑金噴漆勞工工作時，常會接觸到許多化學物質，噴漆溶劑的揮發性有機物及鈑金研磨產生的粉塵。漆料的重金屬（如鉛及鉻）會導致鈑金烤漆工人產生重金屬職業性之暴露危害，長期暴露會造成職業性肺癌。本研究目的為探討汽車維修廠鈑金噴漆作業中產生之粉塵及有機化合物逸散情形，並瞭解粉塵中重金屬及有機化合物之健康危害風險，評估該行業勞工之致癌風險。
本研究選擇汽車維修業鈑金、噴漆作業，藉由區域及個人採樣方式探討勞工於作業場所暴露之情況，分別以CLA3011方法採集粉塵及以CLA1903方法採樣有機化合物，根據個人空氣採樣結果以美國環保局（U.S. EPA）–綜合風險訊息系統（IRIS）、美國加州環保局 (CalEPA) 所屬之環境健康危害評估辨公室 (OEHHA)及我國行政院勞動部提出之「健康風險評估技術與管理」所述方法計算勞工之健康風險評估，分析方法為重量分析法及使用感應偶合電漿質譜儀(ICP-MS)進行重金屬之分析；有機化合物樣本使用氣相層析火焰離子化偵檢器進行分析，並將分析出之個人樣本濃度計算健康風險評估，評估其致癌風險及非致癌風險。
本研究粉塵的採樣在鈑金研磨之作業區，樣本的採樣結果皆符合勞工作業場所粉塵危害的標準，粉塵中還有較高的鋁、鐵及鉻等重金屬，非致癌指數危害指數(hazard index, HI)為A廠2.22E-02、B廠2.22E-02、C廠1.31E-01、D廠3.61E-02、E廠3.48E-02、F廠2.93E-02、G廠3.35E-02、H廠2.80E-02，危害指標皆小於1；致癌風險值( Risk T )為A廠3.77E-06、B廠3.77E-06、C廠1.60E-05、D廠4.71E-06、E廠5.61E-06、F廠4.93E-06、G廠3.55E-06、H廠8.42E-06。
本研究之有機化合物採樣是在塗裝噴漆及烤漆室，樣本未超過法定規定的標準，但有些樣本濃度較高，A廠序號9-1、10-2及11-2之二甲苯濃度(79.799 ppm、83.139 ppm、70.495 ppm)、H廠序號4之甲苯濃度95.757 ppm，已超過我國甲苯及二甲苯之STEL(125 ppm)所規定標準之二分之一，且相加效應A廠樣本序號9-1為0.6742、10-2為0.7041和H廠樣本序號4為0.7778，建議依有機溶劑中毒預防規定進行通風改善及佩戴適當之呼吸防護具，非致癌風險評估結果顯示，一半之樣本的危害指數皆超過1，如A-9-1樣本28.568、A-10-2樣本30.162、A-11-2樣本25.193及H-4樣本67.093，應給予勞工適當之保護措施，並補強通風設備之捕集效能，有效過濾排出有機化合物。

關鍵字

鈑金 ； 噴漆 ； 空氣採樣 ； 粉塵 ； 有機化合物 ； 健康風險評估

並列摘要

The automobile maintenance industry is a technology-intensive service industry. With the booming economy, motor vehicles are also growing rapidly, and road traffic accidents are highly correlated with vehicle occupancy. In 109, there were 300,000 road traffic accidents in the country, resulting in Demand from the auto repair industry is on the rise. The number of workers engaged in the auto repair industry also reached more than 80,000. When working with sheet metal painting workers in the automobile maintenance industry, they often come into contact with many chemicals, volatile organic compounds from paint solvents and dust produced by sheet metal grinding. Heavy metals in paint (such as lead and chromium) can cause occupational exposure hazards of heavy metals to sheet metal baking paint workers, and long-term exposure can cause occupational lung cancer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the emission of dust and organic compounds during the sheet metal painting operation of automobile repair shops, to understand the health hazards of heavy metals and organic compounds in the dust, and to assess the carcinogenic risk of workers in the industry.
In this study, sheet metal and painting operations in the automobile maintenance industry were selected, and the exposure of workers in the workplace was explored by regional and personal sampling methods. Dust was collected by the CLA3011 method and organic compounds were sampled by the CLA1903 method. According to the results of personal air sampling, the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)-Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), the Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Office (OEHHA) of the California Environmental Protection Agency (OEHHA) and the "Health Risk Assessment Technology and Management" proposed by the Ministry of Labor of the Executive Yuan "The method is used to calculate the health risk assessment of workers. The analysis method is gravimetric analysis and the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) for heavy metals. The analysis of air sampling for organic compounds uses the gas chromatography flame ionization detector, and the analyzed personal sample concentration is calculated for health risk assessment to assess its carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk.
The dust in this study was sampled in the work area of sheet metal grinding. The sampling results of the samples all met the standards for dust hazards in labor workplaces. There are also high heavy metals such as aluminum, iron and chromium in the dust. The non-carcinogenic index hazard index (HI) is Factory A 2.22E-02, Factory B 2.22E-02, Factory C 1.31E-01, Factory D 3.61E-02, Factory E 3.48E-02, Factory F 2.93E-02, Factory G 3.35E-02, H Plant 2.80E-02, the hazard index is less than 1. The carcinogenic risk value (Risk T) is 3.77E-06 for plant A, 3.77E-06 for plant B, 1.60E-05 for plant C, 4.71E-06 for plant D, and plant E 5.61E-06, F factory 4.93E-06, G factory 3.55E-06, H factory 8.42E-06.
The organic compounds in this study were sampled in the paint spraying and baking room. The samples did not exceed the legally prescribed standards, but some samples had higher concentrations. The xylene concentration of factory A's serial numbers 9-1, 10-2 and 11-2 (79.799 ppm, 83.139 ppm, 70.495 ppm), and 95.757 ppm of the toluene concentration of number 4 of H factory, which has exceeded one-half of the standard specified by the STEL (125 ppm) of toluene and xylene in China ,and the additive effect A factory sample number 9-1 is 0.6742, 10-2 is 0.7041 and H factory sample number 4 is 0.7778. It is recommended to ventilate in accordance with the organic solvent poisoning prevention regulations Improve and wear appropriate respiratory protection equipment. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment results show that half of the samples have a hazard index exceeding 1, such as A-9-1 sample 28.568, A-10-2 sample 30.162, and A-11-2 sample 25.193 and H-4 sample 67.093, appropriate protective measures should be given to workers, and the trapping efficiency of ventilation equipment should be enhanced to effectively filter and discharge organic compounds.

並列關鍵字

sheet metal ； spray paint ； air sampling ； dust ； organic compounds ； health risk assessment

參考文獻

[1] 中華民國內政部

https://www.moi.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=2905 s=212063

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