- 學位論文
金屬模具製造業-金屬粉塵危害暴露與健康風險評估
Risk assessment of metal dust exposure and health in metal molding manufacturing
摘要
金屬製品製造業為台灣產業中不可或缺的一環，然而卻也占了勞保職業傷害及職業病申請件數的大宗，尤其又以金屬模具製造業為最。金屬模具製程包含了製砂、造模、熔解、澆鑄、清箱、噴砂、研磨，由於各區域間無有效阻隔，導致各製程中金屬粉塵逸散，作業勞工若未配戴適當的防護具搭配良好的工程控制設備即可能暴露在大量的金屬粉塵中，影響作業勞工的健康。因此本研究之目的為透過作業環境監測，調查金屬模具製造業之勞工金屬危害暴露狀況，並以此推算勞工個人之健康風險，評估勞工於各製程中所承受的健康風險程度。 本研究選取兩間國內具規模之金屬模具製造廠，實施作業環境監測，包含區域採樣及勞工個人採樣，並參考NIOSH 7303方法以感應耦合電漿原子發射光譜法（ICP-AES）進行10種金屬元素（Cd、Co、Cu、Mn、Pb、Ni、Cr、Al、Fe、Zn）之定量分析，以我國勞動部之「健康風險評估技術規範」所示之方法，進行勞工個人健康風險評估。 A廠原料為銑鐵，B廠原料為生鐵及廢鐵，因此兩廠的鐵粉塵濃度較其他金屬元素濃度高，研究結果顯示，各作業區之各金屬之濃度皆低於各國規範值， A及B廠金屬粉塵濃度依區域由高至低皆為研磨>噴砂>澆鑄>清箱>造模>熔解，最高的區域分別為A工廠研磨區（0.739 mg/m3）、B工廠研磨區（5.13 mg/m3）；健康風險方面，需考量部分金屬可能之相加效應，致癌風險最高的B工廠研磨區（LCR = 7.75×10-5）於致癌風險雖未超出職場接受範圍，但已超越一般大眾所能接受的範圍，而非致癌風險HI＞1的有A廠噴砂區（4.06）、熔解區（2.71），B廠研磨區（6.21）、熔解區（3.49）、澆鑄區（3.44）、造模區（2.72）、噴砂區（2.67），這些區域對健康極有可能造成不可逆之影響，長期將造成勞工身體之傷害。 由於此類工作場所之台灣勞工經常加班，實際之暴露濃度及危害將高於本次之計算結果，另外這些區域尚有結晶型游離二氧化矽之暴露，這些加成效應未來有可能導致勞工之更嚴重之健康危害，建議雇主應確實做好工業通風，控制職場粉塵暴露之濃度，並依照政府公布之呼吸防護計畫及實行指引建立符合職場之呼吸防護計畫，督促員工正確配戴呼吸防護具，定期健康檢查，防止職業傷害之發生。
並列摘要
Fabricated metal manufacturing is an important part of Taiwan’s industries. However, more occupational injury and disease insurance application are caused by metal molding manufacturing. In the process of molding manufacturing includes sand preparing, moulding, melting, pouring, cast shakeout, shot blasting and grinding. Without an effective barrier, the workshops are covered by metal dust. If workers did not wear proper protective equipment and have a fine industrial ventilation in the factory, the workers may expose to metal dust directly that will cause health damage. Thus, the purpose of this research is through environmental monitoring to investigate risk assessment of metal dust exposure and health in metal molding manufacturing. In this study, two metal molding manufacturing factories were selected to carry out area and personal sampling. Refer to NIOSH manual of analytical methods 7303 that determining metallographic properties with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) for quantitative analysis of 10 metal elements (Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Al, Fe and Zn) and according “Technical Specifications for Health Risk Assessment” of the Ministry of Labor of Taiwan to assess the health risk of each workplace. Materials in Factory A are white pig iron, and in Factory B are pig iron and scrap iron, so both two factories have higher iron dust concentration than the others. The results show the concentration of each workshop is lower than national standard. The workshop metal dust concentration in factory A and factory B from high to low in accordance with grinding, shot blasting, pouring, cast shakeout, moulding, and melting. The highest is grinding areas 0.739 mg/m3 in Factory A and 5.13 mg/m3 in Factory B. It is necessary to consider synergistic effect in multiple metal elements. Although the highest carcinogenic risk LCR=7.75×10-5 in grinding workshop Factory B is under acceptable standard for workplace, that is exceed standard of the public. The non-carcinogenic risk which HI>1 is shot blasting 4.06, melting 2.71 in Factory A and grinding 6.21, melting 3.49, pouring 3.44, moulding 2.72, and shot blasting 2.67 in Factory B. Working on those workshops are negative to our health. Workers in such workplace often work overtime so the actual exposure will be higher than we calculate. In addition, crystalline free silicon additive will increase health hazard. Employers should implement industrial ventilation to control metal dust concentration and comply with the government respiration protect plan and guide to establish a suitable plan at workplace. Also, employers should urge workers wear respiratory protective equipment correctly and doing regular check-ups for preventing occupational injury.