企業主對職場安全衛生危害的風險知覺與安全領導-以製造業中小企業為例

行政院主計處統計資料顯示臺灣各行業就業人口製造業僅次於營造業為第二大產業，以2019年勞動部職業安全衛生署「勞動檢查統計年報」資料顯示製造業因職業災害而死亡人數有75人，死亡千人率為0.00253，占所有產業的24％；自勞工保險因公申請傷病、醫療、失能及死亡給付的件數有773,408件，給付金額達22.8億元，顯見製造業的職業災害的確會為國家、企業與個人帶來龐大的人財損失。近年來勞動意識抬頭、勞動法規日趨完善，製造業的中小企業主除了繼續開發產品、擴展業務外，也要著重員工的安全與衛生。一個企業主的「風險知覺」與「安全領導」在其身上正是內在的蘊含與外在的嶄露，因此本研究將先制定訪談問卷，在半結構式訪談法將製造業中小企業主在職安衛的風險知覺與安全領導的模式透過問答之間提出廠內現況的瞭解、法令規範的掌握程度、過往職業災害經歷或事件經驗及現場管理的方式，讓企業主的現況得以完整呈現後做成研究結論並給予建議。研究結果發現製造業的中小企業在專業職業安全衛生管理人員之設置以依法掛牌為主並無專業管理之權，工廠內特殊規範的機具設備也無法實際要求人照合一，對於職業災害風險的預防以消極的防護具提供為主，甚至對於職業安全衛生法對於企業主違法科以刑事責任之議題也一知半解；但研究也發現這些中小企業主在廠內的管理都是非常直接，換言之他們就是第一線的安全領導者，由於經常性的現場走動，所以對於員工作業中不安全的行為，都可以有即時性的嚇阻，因此幾乎無重大職業災害發生。本研究建議職業安全衛生管理人員應全部以員工專任或雇主或其代理人兼任，可發揮其專業專才之功能。另，可參考「年度消防檢查」模式建構一套職業安全衛生的年度體檢報告並導入職業安全技師、職業衛生技師進行專業簽證，將可協助中小企業更瞭解、掌握及改善職安衛相關規範與問題。

關鍵字

製造業；中小企業；風險知覺；安全領導

並列摘要

According to the statistical data from the Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, it is shown that Taiwan’s manufacturing industry is the second largest one after the construction industry. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s“Yearbook of Labour Inspection Statistic in 2019” showed that 75 deaths due to occupational disasters in the manufacturing industry, which is 0.00253 death rate per 1,000 people and accounts for 24% of all industries. The number of applications for injury, illness, medical treatment, disability and death benefits from labor insurance on duty was 773,408, causing around $2.28 billion payment amounts. Therefore, it is obvious that occupational disasters in the manufacturing industry will indeed bring huge human and financial losses to the country, enterprises and individuals. In recent years, the labor consciousness was awakened and labor laws and regulations have become more and more completed. So, in addition to continuing to develop products and expand business, the owners of small and medium-sized enterprises in the manufacturing industry must also focus on the safety and health of their employees. The "risk awareness" and "safety leadership" of a business owner are his or her inner connotation and external appearance. Therefore, the author will create an interview questionnaire first. Then, a semi-structured interview approach will be used to understand the small and medium-sized enterprise owners’ in-service safety and health risk awareness and safety leadership model, by knowing their current situations in the factory, the levels of mastery of laws and regulations, the past occupational disaster events/ experiences and their on-site management methods. Finally, the research conclusions and recommendations will be made based on those findings. The research showed that those small and medium-sized enterprise owners in the manufacturing industry, who even hired occupational safety and health management professionals, just did it for compliance purposes and not for proper and professional management. Besides, those people who operated special standardized machinery and equipments in the factories may not have licences. Those business owners mainly provided passive protective equipments and also had limited understanding of the issue of criminal liability in the Occupational Safety and Health Act. However, it is also found that those SME owners directly managed those issues in the factory - they are the front-line safety leaders in other words. Due to their frequent on-site walks, they can immediately deter unsafe behaviors of employees in operations so that there were almost no major occupational disasters. This research suggests that all occupational safety and health management professionals should be full-time employees or business owners or their agents, so that they can perform professionally. In addition, it is suggested we can follow the "annual fire inspection" model and construct a set of occupational safety and health annual examinations, which must be certificated by the professional industrial safety engineer and occupational health engineer. Then, it will help those small and medium-sized enterprise owners to better understand, master and improve occupational safety and health related norms and issues.