木材鋸屑作業環境生物氣膠特性研究

Study of Bioaerosol Characteristics in Wood Processing Workplaces

黃凱鈴(Kai-Ling Huang)

指導教授 ： 賴全裕

中山醫學大學/健康管理學院/職業安全衛生學系碩士班/碩士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6834/CSMU.2013.00184

摘要

由研究文獻得知，木材相關作業之工作者可能暴露於風險當中，例如木塵（wood dust）之暴露、引發職業性氣喘（occupational asthma），或是麴菌毒素、內毒素（endotoxins）暴露情形。因此本實驗選擇以木材鋸屑作業環境進行生物性暴露調查。 實驗利用安德森六階、Biosampler、AGI-30及SKC鋁製旋風分離器搭配PC濾紙以評估木材加工廠細菌、真菌存在環境中濃度，及評估其可呼吸性木塵濃度。 研究結果顯示：所採集之細、真菌經鑑定後發現，真菌總濃度大於細菌，且以Penicillium spp.、Cladosporium spp.、Trichoderma spp.及Paecilomyces spp.為主；而細菌以Bacillus spp.及Staphylococcus spp.為主要優勢菌種。另外，在作業環境中，所有生物氣膠採樣器均顯示以Pantoea agglomerans（培養出）所偵測到內毒素含量較高，為0.8053 EU/m3。以SKC旋風分離器搭配PC濾紙，所採集之總內毒素濃度範圍為2.1639*10-6~5.1850*10-6 EU/m3。而於黴菌毒素方面，以在鋸屑脫附液中皆測得黃麴毒素（Aflatoxin B1）、伒馬鎌孢毒素（Fumonisins）及玉米赤黴烯酮（Zearalenone）等濃度，相對於空氣採樣樣本高。其中以Aflatoxin B1有較高的濃度，其濃度範圍在97.2~510.4 ng/g（鋸屑）。 在生物氣膠濃度方面，發現細菌種類以革蘭氏陽性菌為多數，其中以Bacillus spp.（GPB）為優勢菌屬。另外，在工作中(裁切區)的採樣，不論細、真菌皆大於工作前(原木堆置區)之濃度，應與工作中(裁切時)木材鋸屑飛散有關。而根據統計結果顯示，溫、濕度對於革蘭氏陰性細菌濃度有顯著影響。在細菌生物安全等級分類部分，細菌生物氣膠RG2 (Risk group 2) 佔51.7%；真菌RG2部分則佔75.0%。而本實驗採樣之內毒素並無超過DECOS所建議期健康暴露限值50 EU/m3。根據統計結果顯示：革蘭氏陽性菌與生物氣膠採樣器種類有顯著差異(P值為0.0002)。溫、濕度部分則與革蘭氏陰性菌濃度有顯著差異(P<0.05)。目前作業環境空氣中可呼吸性木塵濃度、細菌內毒素與黴菌毒素的含量限制及暴露極限並無完整規範，建議未來可加以規範，以防範疾病的增加。

關鍵字

木塵 ； 生物氣膠 ； 菌種鑑定 ； 內毒素 ； 黴菌毒素

並列摘要

From literature review, wood processing workers were found to expose to occupational hazards and induced to have occupational asthma. The occupational hazards, for instance, include the wood dust, aflatoxin comes from Aspergillus, or endotoxin comes from Gram-negative bacteria. For the reason, the study investigated the biological exposures in wood processing workplaces.

An Andersen 6 stage bioaerosol sampler, Biosampler, AGI-30, and SKC Aluminum cyclone with polycarbonate （PC） filter were used to sample bioaerosols . In the study, SKC Aluminum cyclone was used to collect respirable sawmill wood dust.

The results show: most of all, the sampled concentration during work was higher than before work.. Moreover, based on the identification, the Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp, Trichoderma spp.and Paecilomyces spp. were the dominant fungi; on the other hand, Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were the dominant bacteria. In addition, the highest concentration of contained endotoxin was found in cultured Pantoea agglomerans, and was about 0.8053 EU/m3. In contrast, range of endotoxin concentration sampled by using SKC Aluminum cyclone with PC filter was about 2.1639*10-6~5.1850*10-6 EU/m3. Mycotoxin from sawmill desorption solution contained Aflatoxin B1, Fumonisins and Zearalenone. The Aflatoxin B1 had the highest concentration, and the range was 97.2~510.4 ng/g （sawmill）.

The bacterial identification results showed Bacillus spp. (GPB) was the dominant bacteria. The total bacterial and fungal concentrations during work (or in cutting area) were higher than before work (or in timber stacking area). This phenomenon could be concluded by the wood dust suspension during cutting. The concentration of Gram-negative bacteria appeared statistically associated with the ambient temperature and humidity. In the classification of biological safety, the bacteria bioaerosol was found 51.7% in risk group 2, and was 75.0% in fungal bioaerosol. The concentration of endotoxin measured in the study did not exceed the DECOS health exposure recommendation 50 EU/m3 criteria. The bioaerosol samplers for the Gram-positive bacteria concentrations was statistically significant (P = 0.0002). Moreover, temperature and humidity for the Gram-negative bacteria was statistically significant (P<0.05).

At present, Taiwan have no complete specification for content restrictions and exposure limit in respirable wood dust, endotoxin and mycotoxinin in workplace environment, the study recommended the related regulations should be established to prevent the increase of the disease in the future.

並列關鍵字

wood dust ； bioaerosol ； identification ； endotoxin ； mycotoxin

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