台灣高齡者退休後再就業情況與心理健康之探討

研究目的本研究之目的在於瞭解老年人退休後有無工作對心理健康之影響。研究方法本研究採衛福部國民健康署2011年及2015年「中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查」以65歲以上居住在台灣年長者為主要研究對象，總共2423人。研究台灣高齡者退休後再就業情況與心理健康之探討。使用統計套裝軟體SPSS14.0.0進行資料分析，並進一步採卡方、樣本t檢定與ANOVA分析，針對基本人口學，例如：性別、年齡、婚姻狀態、教育程度、職業等；家庭居住狀況；使用工具性日常生活的活動(IADL)評估健康狀態；經濟狀況、退休後有無工作等自變項，對退休後高齡者是否再次就業影響因素，且對於有無工作之高齡者，其心理健康和生活滿意度之關聯性。研究結果影響高齡者心理健康好與壞因素有：性別，女性較男性容易憂鬱生活滿意度也較差。年齡，以65~69歲生活滿意度最好也最快樂。職業以機器操作員與組裝員最抑鬱，對生活滿意度低；服務工作人員及店面與市場銷售人員退休後普遍會持續再就業，對心理健康狀況也較佳。家庭居住狀況中以房屋自有最為憂鬱，生活滿意度亦是最差；獨居、沒有與配偶或子女同住、沒有照顧（外）孫子女之年長者，其生活滿意度最高分。健康狀態方面，IADLs大於0分者，因健康狀況差導致影響生理和心理健康。經濟狀況部分，以從未領取退休金或遣散費的高齡者，對生活滿意度感受最好，且心理健康狀態也較為良好。工作狀態已退休後沒有繼續工作之高齡者較退休後再就業長者抑鬱，在生活滿意度上則無差異。

關鍵字

高齡者；再就業；心理健康；生活滿意度

並列摘要

Objective： The objective of this study was to understand the effect of working or not on the mental health of the elderly after retirement. Methods： In this study, the " Taiwan Longitudinal Study in Aging，TLSA)" conducted by the National Health Service of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 2011 and 2015 took the elderly people over 65 years old living in Taiwan as the main research object, a total of 2423 people. To study the re-employment and mental health of the elderly in Taiwan after retirement. Use the statistical package software SPSS14.0.0 for data analysis, and further use chi-square, sample t test and Anova analysis, aiming at basic demographics, such as: gender, age, marital status, education level, occupation, etc.; family living status; using tools Sexual activities of daily living (IADL) assessment of health status; independent variables such as economic status, whether there is a job after retirement, the influencing factors on whether the elderly are re-employed after retirement, and their mental health and life satisfaction for the elderly who have a job or not the correlation. Results： The factors affecting the mental health of the elderly are: gender, women are more likely to be depressed than men and have poorer life satisfaction. Age, 65~69 years old is the best and happiest in terms of life satisfaction. Occupations with machine operators and assemblers are the most depressed, with low life satisfaction, service workers and store and marketing salespeople continue to re-employ after retirement, and their mental health is better. Among the family living conditions, home ownership is the most melancholy, and life satisfaction is also the worst; seniors who live alone, do not live with their spouse or children, and do not take care of (outside) grandchildren have the highest life satisfaction. In terms of health status, those with IADLs greater than 0 have poor health status, which affects physical and mental health. In terms of economic status, elderly people who have never received pensions or severance payments feel the best in life satisfaction and have better mental health.