兒童青少年時期被霸凌經驗對人際因應策略的影響

本研究透過詮釋現象學方法觀點來探討曾於兒童青少年時期遭受霸凌者，他們是如何看待每一次的霸凌經驗、人際因應策略會受到什麼影響，以及回溯自身經驗後，又是如何看待霸凌經驗對他們當下狀態或生活的影響。藉由深度訪談的方法蒐集分析文本，資料分析方法上則使用主題分析法呈現出受訪者的兒童青少年時期被霸凌經驗對人際因應策略的影響。本研究的結論有三大點。第一是霸凌的成因，受訪者受霸凌經驗的成因可分為個人因素及環境因素，個人因素主要是受害者若有與他人不同之處。環境因素是霸凌成因加劇的催化劑，其可再細分家庭因素、學校因素。第二是人際因應策略歷程，研究受訪者所採用的策略類型有「問題焦點」、「情緒焦點」、「協調」、「抗爭」、「退避」及「忍讓」，多數人會使用「問題焦點」、「協調」或「忍讓」三種方式來面對當下的處境。另外若霸凌受害者對於霸凌事件的想法及態度，剛好與上述外在環境因素相互搭配，將有助於霸凌事件的改善；反之，若霸凌事件不見改善，受害者可能感受無法改變自己受欺負的狀況，累積深層的無力感受，造成身心狀況的惡化。第三是霸凌經驗對霸凌受害者的影響，可發現立即影響偏重於生理及社會層面，長期影響則著重於心理及社會層面。不論是立即影響或長期影響，霸凌經驗對受訪者來說帶來不少的改變及成長，若能藉由人際因應策略的調整，將人際互動方式調整為自己能掌握且有信心的方式，確實有可能增加人際互動的自信心，和面對不同人際處境的思考分析能力等。最後根據本研究之結果，研究者針對霸凌事件的預防、霸凌事件中的旁觀者及重視人際因應策略改變的因素三方面提出建議。另外本研究亦有三點限制，分別是研究切面的限制、霸凌經驗的回顧及年長成熟懂事。

關鍵字

兒童青少年時期；被霸凌經驗；人際因應策略的影響

並列摘要

Using hermeneutic phenomenology, this study explored how people who had been bullied in childhood or adolescence, how they viewed each bullying experience, how their interpersonal coping strategy were affected, how they viewed bullying after looking back on their own experiences, and how they view the impact of bulling experience on their current state or life. In-depth interviews are used to collect and analyze texts, and thematic analysis methods are used in data analysis to show the impact of the interviewee’s childhood or adolescence bullying experience on interpersonal coping strategy. The conclusion of this study has three main points. The first is the cause of bullying. The cause of the interviewee’s experience of bullying can be divided into personal factors and environmental factors. Personal factors are mainly if the victim is different from others. Environmental factors are the catalysts for the intensification of bullying, which can be subdivided into family factors and school factors. The second is the course of interpersonal coping strategy. The types of strategies used by the interviewees include "problem-focused", "emotion-focused", "coordination", "struggle", "avoidance" and "tolerance". Most interviewees used "problem-focused" , "coordination" ,or "tolerance" to face the current situation. In addition, if the bullying victim’s thoughts and attitudes about the bullying incident coincide with the above-mentioned external environmental factors, it will help improve the bullying incident; on the contrary, if the bullying incident does not improve, the victim may feel that it cannot be changed, and accumulate deep feelings of powerlessness, causing the deterioration of the physical and mental condition. The third is the impact of the bullying experience on the victims of bullying. It can be found that the immediate impact focuses on the physical and social aspects, and the long-term impact focuses on the psychological and social aspects. Whether it is an immediate effect or a long-term effect, the bullying experience has brought a lot of changes and growth to the interviewees. If the interpersonal coping strategy can be adjusted, the way of interpersonal interaction can be adjusted to a way that they can master and have confidence .It is indeed possible to increase self-confidence in interpersonal interaction and the ability to think and analyze in the face of different interpersonal situations. Finally, based on the results of this study, the researchers made recommendations for the prevention of bullying events, bystanders in bullying events, and factors that emphasize changes in interpersonal coping strategy. In addition, this research also has three limitations, namely the limitation of the research aspect, the review of bullying experience and the mature and sensible.