- 學位論文
集體安全制度與非國際性武裝衝突： 區域組織於非洲之實踐
The Collective Security System and Non-International Armed Conflicts: Practice of Regional Organizations in Africa
摘要
在無中央政府狀態的國際社會中，國家藉由加入全球以及區域的集體安全制度保障自身避免戰爭自二十世紀中期變得蓬勃。於此之際，非國際性武裝衝突已成為國際和平及安全威脅的來源，不僅衝擊聯合國的集體安全制度，也刺激非洲次區域以及區域集體安全制度的發展。 本文回顧聯合國、非洲聯盟、西非國家經濟共同體之集體安全制度的發展歷程並分析其主要規範；透過聯合國與非洲聯盟在蒲隆地、索馬利亞、蘇丹達佛、中非共和國，以及聯合國與西非國家經濟共同體在賴比瑞亞、象牙海岸、馬利的共同實踐，探討全球-區域如何運用集體安全制度處理非國際性武裝衝突。 在集體安全制度的規範方面，非洲聯盟與西非國家經濟共同體的集體安全制度共同的特色皆涵蓋衝突預防、訂定有條件的干涉權，以及訂有非憲政秩序政府更迭的制裁機制。此外，兩者的調停以及決策機制也反映非洲問題非洲方法解決的特性。 在全球-區域合作方面，聯合國維和行動的部署多為接替非洲聯盟、西非國家經濟共同體的和平任務，整體而言，在區域辦法優先的原則下，非洲區域組織是處理會員國發生國內衝突第一線的反應者，而聯合國目前仍主要責任的承擔者以及建設和平的主導者。此外，非洲和平安全架構仍存在各次區域能力發展不均的現象，如何有效解決跨區域的衝突仍是難題。在對抗大規模暴行的合作上，對於聯合國以國際刑事法院機制究責，非洲聯盟採取抵制的態度，欲將國際刑事管轄權非洲化，但後續的實踐顯示許多非洲國家願意與安全理事會合作，終結在武裝衝突中有罪不罰的文化。
並列摘要
Since mid-20th century, in the international community, where there is an absence of a central government, states have secured themselves from armed conflicts by participating in regional and global collective security systems. In the meantime, non-international armed conflicts have become the main sources of threats to international peace and security, not only impacting the United Nations (UN) collective security system, but also contributing to the development of collective security systems in sub-regional and regional organizations, including those in Africa. This thesis reviews collective security systems of the UN, the African Union (AU), and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and their development, and analyzes their core instruments. It also explores how these systems have been applied to manage non-international armed conflicts through examinng practice of the UN and the AU in Burundi, Somalia, Darfur, and Central African Republic and that of the UN and the ECOWAS in Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, and Mali. The analysis of the legal and institutional frameworks reveals that both the AU and the ECOWAS collective security systems cover conflict prevention, the right of conditioned intervention, and sanctions to the unconstitutional changes of government. Also, their mediation and decision-making mechanisms reflect characteristics of African solutions to African problems. The study of cooperation patterns under the global-regional security framework shows that the AU and ECOWAS peace missions have been frequently taken over by UN operations. Overall, following the doctrine of priority to regional arrangements, African regional organizations are the first responders to African intra-state conflicts, but the UN still plays a leading role and often shoulders the primary duty in the peacebuilding process. In addition, the African Peace and Security Architecture has existed unequal capacity development of subregional organizations, and effectively tackling transregional conflicts remains a difficult task. In combating mass atrocities, the AU had refused the UN’s stance on holding perpetrators accountable through the International Criminal Court, and the AU tried to Africanize jurisdiction over the atrocity crimes. But subsequent states practice indicates that many African states are willing to cooperate with the Security Council to end the culture of impunity in armed conflicts.
並列關鍵字
African Peace and Security Architecture ； African Union ； chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter ； collective security system ； Economic Community of West African States ； international criminal law ； intervention by invitation ； Organization of African Unity ； responsibility to protect ； unconstitutional changes of government ； uti possidetis參考文獻
延伸閱讀
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