東正教會在俄國公共外交所扮演的角色

俄羅斯東正教會在過往蘇聯時期長期遭受政府壓迫，直到Mikhail Gorbachev時期宗教改革政策的催化下，開啟重返民間社會舞台之濫觴。21世紀政教關係密切，因此被俄羅斯外長Sergey Lavrov稱為夥伴關係。2000年俄羅斯總統Vladimir Putin為填補蘇聯瓦解後意識型態下的真空與國族認同問題，欲透過東正教會彰顯其所主張「主權民主」 (sovereign democracy)，並作為俄羅斯民族精神、道德、文化及語言之守護者。在國際衝突中，宗教因素時常成為一些國家獲取政權合法性支持度的手段之一，並運用在政治分裂的國家及地區，其中宗教價值觀則是國家「軟實力」組成的重要部分，藉此凸顯俄羅斯的傳統文化並爭取於國際社會上的話語權。長期以來烏克蘭內部宗教派系持續紛擾，親俄派勢力烏克蘭正教會莫斯科牧首區(The church of the Moscow patriarchate)對抗國族派烏克蘭正教會基輔牧首區(The church of the Kyiv patriarchate)以及烏克蘭自治教會(Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church)，雙方為爭奪國內東正教會正統地位而不斷發生衝突。本文欲透過以俄羅斯「公共外交」理論中「軟實力」的宗教視角來檢視其國際實踐，同時並探究俄羅斯東正教會在烏克蘭危機上所扮演的角色。

關鍵字

公共外交；軟實力；東正教會；俄烏關係；烏克蘭危機

並列摘要

Russian Orthodox Church had been oppressed by the government for a long time during the periods of Soviet Union regime. The reforming and revolutionary system of religion has not been activated and released until Mikhail Gorbachev's restructuring. The relation between Orthodox Church and the authority were getting closer when they moved the 21th century. As described by Sergey Lavrov, foreign ministry of Russia, called it 「partnership relationship」shows the facts. In order to fill the vacuum gap of ideology of national recognition by Soviet Union disintegrated to the Russian people, Vladimir Putin, the president of Russia, intended to state the idea of 「sovereign democracy」through the operation influence of Orthodox Church to build the guardian image of the Russian in spiritual、moral、culture and language to the people. During the international conflicts, religious factors were often to be used as excuses by powerful countries to legally obtain the regime which were politics-split areas or countries. The value of religion is always to be center core of 「 soft power」 for the hegemonies to their diplomatic manners , as the Russia tried to highlight its traditional culture and to earn the right to speak in the world stage. Ukraine has been factional struggled within the domestic Church at all time, two groups of one supported by Russia as The church of the Moscow patriarchate against the other one as The church of the Kyiv patriarchate, with Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church at the same camp, fight for the Orthodox status in all cost. This thesis try to stand at the religious angle to use「soft power」through strategic public diplomacy theory to exam the global fulfillment of Russia, and to study the role play of Russian Orthodox church during the Ukraine crisis.