虛擬語文著作侵權實質近似與合理使用之認定——以美國、台灣與中國大陸爲例

隨著文化產業與科學技術的發展，虛擬語文著作之載體，不再僅限於傳統原創文字内容，也涵蓋了如同人作品，戲謔仿作等多種情形，影響了線上與線下不同的娛樂層面，而交流平臺受眾增加與文化共享模式的發展，使文化作品的創作熱情與討論積極程度大幅度提高。藝術并非孤島，而是誕生於群體之中。作者在進行創作時，往往或多或少借鑒了前人的藝術成果。著作權保護原創之表達，但並非保護思想與事實，如何認定著作權之侵害亦或是合理借鑒，在促進文化交流、傳播與發展，構建安全且開放的創作氛圍這一前提下尤為重要。著作權侵權與否之判斷，如原創性認定、思想表達之劃分、實質近似等方法，在美國判例中廣汎實踐，也被台灣與中國大陸所藉鑒，而確定侵權之後，便應當考量是否存在無需徵求著作權人同意即可使用之情形，如何對近似部分在使用目的、影響等層面進一步分析，以期達到更有助於公益之目的，此時具體則會涉及到合理使用原則之運用。本文將討論重點置於著作權侵權之確認與合理使用，在對概念厘清、理論整合與經驗總結的同時，試圖理解、拆解及預測相關方法，並分析漢語言文化區之基本現狀以及藉鑒美國實踐時存在的語境差異，希望最終對這些問題予以回應，並期待向臺灣介紹大陸的相關發展狀況，使得雙方在文化與法律領域溝通交流，共同發展。

關鍵字

語文著作；抄襲；原創性原則；思想表達二分；實質近似；合理使用

並列摘要

As cultural industries and science and technology bloom, the vehicle for virtual literature is no longer limited to traditional original textual content but also includes online and offline entertainment. The increase in the audience for communication platforms and the development of creative commons have led to a significant increase in the enthusiasm for creating and discussing artistic works. Authors often draw on the artistic achievements of their predecessors to a greater or lesser extent when creating their works. Copyright protects original expression, but not ideas and facts. Determining copyright infringement or fair use is particularly important in promoting cultural exchange, dissemination, and building a safe and open atmosphere for creativity. The determination of copyright infringement, such as the originality, the delineation of expression of ideas, and substantial similarity, is widely practised in US, Taiwan, and mainland China jurisprudence. Once an infringement has been established, it is essential to consider whether there are situations where copyright licensing is not required and how to further analyse the use of similar parts in terms of purpose and impact to achieve a more conducive public interest. It would then involve the application of the fair use principle. This article focuses on the recognition of copyright infringement and fair use. While clarifying concepts, integrating theories, and summarising experiences, it attempts to understand, dismantle and predict relevant methods and analyses the prior status of the Chinese culture area and the contextual differences that exist in American practice in the hope of eventually responding to these issues. We hope to finally react to these issues and introduce Taiwan to relevant developments on the mainland so that both sides can communicate and develop together in the cultural and legal fields.