反思歷史唯物論：「不平衡與綜合發展」的介入

Rethinking Historical Materialism: The Intervention of "Uneven and Combined Development"

張又升(Zhang You-Sheng)

指導教授 ： 萬毓澤

國立政治大學/社會科學學院/政治學系/博士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6814/NCCU201900884

摘要

歷史唯物論是馬克思主義核心成分。生產方式和社會形構組織了生產力、生產關係與統治關係等重要概念，以此分類社會結構、解釋社會轉型和指引社會發展的可能方向。然而，這樣的歷史理論多少忽視了社會外在影響或複數社會並存與互動的事實，即「國際」或人類實踐的水平向度。由托洛茨基提出的「不平衡與綜合發展」既根源於這個傳統，又改造了這個傳統；在羅森堡的詮釋和問題意識下，我們可以關注並補足上述缺失，儘管這個規律有待更多開發與應用。
　　本文從歷史唯物論的原則出發，以馬克思對分工的討論、世界體系分析、格申克洪對工業化進程的思考和卡林對演化理論關鍵要素的應用等資源為基礎並與之對話，探討「不平衡與綜合發展」在20世紀初被提出和近十年來復興的本體論及方法論內容、理論脈絡和重要意涵，將它延伸至歐洲封建主義時代，以示其普世性，最後重述而不背離歷史唯物論的信條。

關鍵字

馬克思主義 ； 歷史唯物論 ； 不平衡與綜合發展 ； 托洛茨基 ； 羅森堡 ； 國際向度 ； 多重本體論 ； 複數本體論 ； 分工 ； 世界體系分析 ； 格申克洪 ； 卡林 ； 演化理論

並列摘要

Historical materialism is a central component of Marxism. Mode of production and social formation organize some important concepts such as force of production, relations of production and relations of rule to categorize social structure, explain social transformation and show some directions of social development. However, this kind of theory of history to some extent ignores external impacts of a society, or the fact of societal coexistence and interaction – “the international” or the horizontal dimension of human practice. The law of “uneven and combined development” drawn by Leon Trotsky from world and Russian history roots in historical materialism on the one hand and transform the same Marxist tradition on the other. With the help of the interpretations and problematique of Justin Rosenberg we can focus on and correct these deficiencies, though “uneven and combined development” itself requires more explorations and applications.
　　This dissertation starts from the principles of historical materialism. Based on and entering into dialogue with Marx’s texts on division of labor, World System Analysis, Alexander Gerschenkron’s thoughts on the process of industrialization and several key factors of evolutionary theory used by Alan Carling, this dissertation then sets to discuss the ontological and methodological contents, theoretical contexts and significance of “uneven and combined development” being propounded in the early twentieth century and re-examined in recent decades, furthermore, extending it into the epoch of European feudalism to show its universality, and finally restating but not deviating from the doctrine of historical materialism.

並列關鍵字

Marxism ； Historical materialism ； Uneven and combined development ； Leon Trotsky ； Justin Rosenberg ； Tthe international ； Multiplicity ontology ； Plural ontology ； Division of labor ； World System Analysis ； Alexander Gerschenkron ； Alan Carling ； Evolutionary theory

參考文獻

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Albritton, Robert. 2000. "Agrarian Capitalism: A Response to Michael Zmolek." The Journal of Peasant Studies 28(1):147-54.

Albritton, Robert. 2002. "Debate-Theory and History in Thinking the Transition to Capitalism: A Reply to Zmolek." The Journal of Peasant Studies 29(2):125-34