以基模理論探討設計思維之研究-以專家與生手差異為例

設計被認為是一種特殊的心智活動，因為設計中常常存在一些曖昧的行為，沒有一定的起點與終點及評判準則，而且它往往包含了直覺式反應，對於有經驗的設計師究竟如何進行產品設計的思維活動呢？與生手間的差異又為何呢？其中很明顯是專家較生手擁有更多的設計知識與經驗，但專家是為什麼能理出複雜的設計問題？是如何創造出具特色的主題？本研究嘗試由認知心理學的觀點，來描述設計師基模變化與設計思維兩者間的關係，同時透過實驗研究，探討專家與生手在設計思維上特質的差異，並分析歸納出基模運作的模式。本論文實驗設計以原案分析之放聲思考法進行，依據實驗性質分為「發散」與「收斂」兩階段，每位受測者均要完成兩個實驗，因此可觀察同一操作的專家與生手面對問題性質的轉變時，其思維上產生了什麼影響？探討特質間的差異，並在測驗後進行「回溯訪談」，補足放聲思考法可能的缺失。經過實驗分析與歸納後得到的以下結論：（1）專家在設計解析中，基模具巨觀、系統、客觀特質；生手則偏向微觀、片斷、主觀（2）專家在設計轉換中，基模具深層、抽象特質；生手則偏向表徵、具象（3）專家在設計整合中，基模具順向策略、多元假設；生手則偏向逆向策略、單一假設（4）專家在設計循環中，基模監控力較強；生手則監控力偏較弱。經研究整理後，歸納出專家與生手基模概念的設計思維模式，提供設計教育研究上的參考。

關鍵字

基模理論；設計思維；專家與生手

並列摘要

Design was considered as a special mental activity, because it happens frequently some ambiguous behaviors during design. There are uncertain beginning and end point as well as judgment criterion, and frequently contained the intuition behavior .How does an eperienced Expert do the thinking activity of design? What’s difference between Expert and Novice's? It’s so obvious that the Expert has the more design knowledge and the experience than the Novice, but why the Expert can understand the complex design question? How does the Expert create the feature of subject ?As cognitive psychology viewpoint, this research attempt to describe the relationship between the designer converted schema and the design thinking .Through the experimental study, this paper want to discuss the different design thinking of attribute between the Expert and the Novice, then analyze the converted schema. This paper is based on the experiment method to carry on the case studies and apply the “thinking aloud” .According to the complexion of the thesis, this experiment divided into two parts : divergence and convergence. Each sample must complete two tests. Therefore, we can observe that what the influence of design thinking when the Expert and Novice face the two subjects. This study want to discuss what’s the difference between them. the study carries on recollection interview after the examination, and makes up the possible flaw from the thinking aloud. The findings are the following. (1)In design divergence, the Expert’s schema are macro view, systemic, and objective attribute. The Novice‘s are squint to micro view, bitty, and subjective. (2)In design transformation, the Expert’s schema are deep-structured, and abstract. The Novice’s are apparent and concrete. (3)In design convergence, the Expert’s schema have “working forward strategies”, and many suppositions. The Novice’s have “working backward strategies”, and just only one supposition. (4)In design circulation, the Expert’s schema have more ability of controlling than the Novice’s. After the finally integration, the study induces the Expert’s and the Novice’s schema mold of design thinking, and provides the reference to the design education.