水泥窯混燃廢溶劑煙氣中污染排放特性之研究—以電子業為例

Study on Characteristics of Toxic Pollutants Emitted from Cement Kiln with Co-burning Waste Organic Solvents – A case study on electronic industries

邱俊樺(Chun - Hua Chiou)

指導教授 ： 章裕民

國立臺北科技大學/工程學院/環境工程與管理研究所/碩士(2008年)

摘要

台灣工業已從傳統產業逐漸跨向高科技的電子產業，在製程中會產生無法回收再利用之溶劑，由於廢溶劑熱值高之特性( 3,000 ~ 7,000 kcal/kg )可作為替代燃料使用，而我國水泥業者大多回收其廢溶劑作為輔助燃料，其回收再利用方式是否會造成環境衝擊，最受關切的即是其煙道排放物質中是否含有影響環境及人體健康之有害物質，其中又以戴奧辛及重金屬最受關切。本研究主要係對運用廢溶劑作為水泥窯輔助燃料之水泥廠，蒐集其93 ~ 96年戴奧辛、重金屬煙道排放濃度及相關檢測資料，以探討戴奧辛、重金屬之濃度排放特性及其增減量；另其研究排放戴奧辛總量濃度、毒性當量濃度之評析及兩者之差異性比較。再者，水泥窯各項操作條件(如廢溶劑含氯量、廢溶劑/煤炭比、廢氣處理量)皆可能影響戴奧辛生成及增加重金屬(鉛、鎘、汞)排放，因此本研究以採樣當時水泥窯之各項操作條件與重金屬(鉛、鎘、汞)年排放量、戴奧辛總量濃度及毒性當量濃度年排放量變化作統計迴歸分析，以了解其相互關係。
由歷次廢溶劑之各項檢測研究結果得知，低位發熱值平均值約為3,848 kcal/kg；灰份平均值約為0.20 wt.%；含氯量平均值約為38.72 ppm；含硫量在MDL值為0.01 wt.%下無法檢出，6大重金屬測值皆低於法規標準值50ppm，以上歷次各項檢測均符合經濟部工業局於95年度會商中央環保署訂定「水泥窯使用廢溶劑作為輔助燃料認定原則」。
而由歷年混燃廢溶劑作為輔助燃料之鉛、鎘、汞增減率變化(註：指定之煙囪鉛、鎘、汞排放量，並非全廠排放量)，以93年度作為混燃之比對值，歷年度鉛下降率約為52.6 ~ 67.1%、鎘下降率約為46.5 ~ 52.0%、汞下降率約為18.2 ~ 33.8%。
另從歷年該水泥廠混燃廢溶劑之DXN總量濃度(註：指定之煙囪DXN排放量，並非全廠排放量)，以93年度作為混燃之比對值，歷年度DXN總量濃度下降率約為29.0 ~ 97.5%。DXN毒性當量濃度(註：指定之煙囪DXN排放量，並非全廠排放量)，以93年度作為混燃之比對值，DXN毒性當量濃度下降率約為38.5 ~ 98.7%。
本研究發現煙道廢氣戴奧辛中以PCDFs所佔比例最高，佔整體貢獻61%。PCDFs形成則主要是來自多氯碳氫化合物，被大量用於工業上，主要為變壓器及電容器之絕緣油、熱媒、潤滑劑、可塑劑等，如此可直接證明廢溶劑中的確含有來自上述等含多氯碳氫化合物較多之廢液。煙道廢氣中戴奧辛毒性當量濃度，以國際毒性當量因子(I-TEF)較大者為主，依序為2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF(I-TEF = 0.5)佔17種異構物為38.80%為最高。因此，國際毒性當量因子(I-TEF)較大者貢獻度較高。
另本研究發現探討水泥窯操作方面，僅有廢溶劑含氯量對重金屬年排放量呈現高度正相關，廢溶劑/煤炭比呈現負相關、廢氣處理量呈低度正相關。戴奧辛總量年排放量及毒性當量濃度年排放量與廢溶劑含氯量呈低度正相關、廢溶劑/煤炭比呈現負相關、廢氣處理量呈低度正相關。

關鍵字

廢溶劑 ； 水泥窯 ； 重金屬 ； 戴奧辛

並列摘要

Taiwan's industries gradually from traditional industries to high-tech-electronics industries and will make effort on recycling and reuse of solvents in process. Due to high heating value(3,000~7,000kcal/kg) waste organic solvents are reused as an alternative fuel at cement kiln in Taiwan. If recycling and reuse will cause environmental impact which the human health and hazardous substances of dioxins and heavy metals most concern. This study applies waste organic solvents as an alternative fuel to collect dioxins and heavy metals testing of information to discuss discharged of concentrations increase or decrease and total concentration or toxic equivalent of dioxins by stack discharged at cement kiln in 2004~2007.In addition, the operating conditions(chlorine content of waste organic solvents, ratio of waste organic solvent and all fuel weight, waste gas processing quantity)are likely to affect dioxins and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury)emission from cement kiln. Therefore, the paper adopts statistical regression analysis to find relationship between operating conditions and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury)concentration and the total concentration or toxic equivalent of dioxins.
The results of analyzing the waste organic solvents：average of heating value about 3,848 kcal/kg, average of ash about 0.20 wt.%, average of chlorine content about 38.72 ppm, average of sulphur content MDL 0.01 wt.% below and six heavy metals are below the standard value of 50 ppm. The results is agreeable to EPD for "The use waste organic solvents as an alternative fuel at cement kilns that principle."
Co-burning waste organic solvents as an alternative fuel at cement kilns in 2004~2007, lead decrease of about 52.6 to 67.1 percent, cadmium decrease of about 46.5 to 52.0 percent, mercury of about 18.2 to 33.8 percent(Note: lead cadmium, mercury dictated flue discharged, not all plant).
Co-burning waste organic solvents as an alternative fuel at cement kilns in 2004~2007, dioxins total concentration decrease of about 29.0 ~ 97.5 percent, toxic equivalent decrease of about 38.5 ~ 98.7 percent(Note: Dioxins dictated flue discharged, not all plant).
The results of analyzing the PCDFs the highest proportion of total contribution to 61 percent in the flue.It is the most powerful evidence of proofing that the composition of waste organic solvents included Polychlorinated bipheyls(PCB) materials.Dioxins of toxic equivalent the 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (I-TEF = 0.5) contribution to 38.80 percent as the highest. Consequently, the more I-TEF great the more contribution high.
The results of statistical regression analysis the operating conditions at cement kiln, heavy metals slightly positive relations with chlorine content of waste organic solvents and waste gas processing, slightly negative relationship between ratio of waste organic solvent and all fuel weight and heavy metals.Dioxins slightly positive relations with chlorine content of waste organic solvents and waste gas processing, slightly negative relationship between ratio of waste organic solvents and all fuel weight and dioxins.

並列關鍵字

waste organic solvents ； cement kiln ； heavy metal ； dioxins

參考文獻

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