台灣與美國燃煤電廠排放汞污染物管制規定及其排放係數建立之差異性

The difference between Taiwan and the U.S. in control of coal-fired power plants mercury emissions and in emission factor establishment

郭愛華(Ai-Hua Kuo)

指導教授 ： 張添晉

共同指導教授 ： 席行正(Hsing-Cheng Hsi)

國立臺北科技大學/工程學院/環境規劃與管理研究所/碩士(2014年)

https://doi.org/10.6841/NTUT.2014.00465

摘要

為掌握汞空氣污染物的排放，以及有效減少其排放至環境中造成人體的危害，美國自1990年起即進行相關研究調查作業，並依據空氣清淨空氣法規定訂定汞及有害空氣污染排放標準(MATS)管制國內將近600家的燃煤發電廠，並引起其他國家的關注，已有德國及中國大陸陸續跟進訂定，而台灣環保署亦發現國內電力能源業者排放的汞空氣污染物約佔國內總汞空氣污染物的33%，並已著手研修「電力設施空氣污染物排放標準」草案增訂汽力機組與汽電共生設備鍋爐使用固體燃料的汞排放限值。
本研究主要運用文獻研究法，主要蒐集美國與台灣燃煤電廠排放汞污染物的管制規定資料，並就其管制對象、管制條件、管制門檻，以及管制的手段進行分析，並比較該些燃煤電廠使用的燃煤種類、空氣污染防制設備裝設組合、污染物排放情形，以及汞排放係數建立之差異，並據此提出對於國內現行研擬的汞排放限值及管制規定的具體改善建議。
依據本研究建議可參照美國既存污染源的汞排放限值1.69 μg /Nm3明訂汽力機組的適用標準才會符合現況；國內燃煤業者以檢測結果換算的汞排放係數皆是經防制設備處理後之值，針對有裝設SCR、ESP及FGD者，其排放係數可為4.96 mg/ton-coal，裝設ESP及FGD者其排放係數可為7.49 mg/ton-coal，僅裝設ESP者其排放係數可為2.17 mg/ton-coal，由此可知裝設SCR可有效降低汞污染物排放量，並建議國內可明定汞排放係數以供其他類似污染源使用並重新估算汞排放量，而依該些燃煤電廠年操作最大燃煤使用量重新估算年汞排放量應為0.175噸/年；另如裝設SCR、ESP及FGD組合的公私場所，其空氣污染防制設備的汞處理效率皆能維持在平均93.7％的話，則其一年排放的汞污染物排放量則可降低至0.094公噸/年，所以由燃煤發電廠所排放的汞污染物排放量將下修為0.114公噸/年，顯見如果公私場所能夠有效並維持良好的操作，使其空氣污染防制設備能夠達到一定的處理效能，則空氣污染物即能夠被妥善處理。

關鍵字

燃煤電廠 ； 汞空氣污染物 ； 管制 ； 排放係數

並列摘要

To capture mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources and reduce the harm effects on the environment, the United States surveyed the relevant emission inventories since 1990s, and based on the provisions of the Clean Air Act air to promulgate the mercury and hazardous air pollutant emission standards (MATS). The affected sources by MATS include nearly 600 domestic coal-fired power plants, and caused concern in other countries such as Germany and China to follow up on set. In these years, Taiwan EPA also has found mercury air emissions from domestic electricity generating units accounts for about 33% of the domestic total mercury air pollutants, and has started amending the draft of “The Emissions Limits for the Electric Generating Units”. One main focus of this draft is the addition of mercury emission limits from steam power cogeneration units with solid fuel boiler equipment.
In this study, I survey the relevant literatures from the U.S. EPA and Taiwan EPA to collect information about mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants and their mercury pollution control requirements. I analyzed the difference between U.S. EPA and Taiwan EPA of its control objects, regulatory situations, regulatory barriers, as well as means of pollution control. And I also compare their difference about the effect of air pollution control devices combination on mercury emissions from those fired types of coal-fired power plants. Finally, I proposed some solid suggestions to Taiwan EPA on the mercury emission limits of current and draft of “The Emissions Limits for the Electric Generating Units”, mercury control measures, and mercury control strategies.
According to this study, I suggests that the United States can refer to existing sources of mercury emission limit 1.69 μg/Nm3 expressed to apply standard steam power unit will meet the current situation; mercury emissions from coal-fired coefficient domestic industry to the test results are all in terms of control equipment after handling the value for has installed SCR, ESP and FGD, its emission factor for 4.96 mg/ton-coal, ESP and FGD installation by its emission factor for 7.49 mg/ton-coal, only the installation of ESP by its emission factor for 2.17 mg/ton-coal, seen the installation of SCR can effectively reduce the amount of mercury emissions, and suggested that the country may specify mercury emission factor for other similar sources to use and re-estimate the amount of mercury emissions, and in accordance with the these operating the largest coal-fired power plant in the amount of re-estimating annual mercury emissions should be 0.175 tons/year; others such as the installation of SCR, ESP and FGD combination of public and private spaces, mercury processing efficiency of its air pollution control devices maintained at an average of 93.7%, then its emissions of mercury emissions can be reduced to one year 0.094 tonnes/year, so the amount of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plant emissions will be under repair for 0.114 tonnes/year, Obviously if the public and private spaces can effectively operate and maintain the good to the air pollution control equipment to achieve a certain degree of processing performance, the air pollutants that can be handled properly.

並列關鍵字

coal-fired power plants ； mercury emissions ； emission factor ； control

參考文獻

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