- 學位論文
區域垃圾資源化處理及其管理之研究-以A地區為例
MSW Total Recycling and Resource Management - Case Study on A County
摘要
本研究以A地區為例，實場評估從資源化處理前之垃圾轉運作業、RDF-5製作之料源分選，以及掺配不同比例之廢食用油(Waste Cooking Oil, WCO)於第五類廢棄物衍生燃料(RDF-5)中，製成RDF-WCO成品，藉由燃燒發熱值分析RDF-WCO之最佳配比，以供日後產官學界施行「全分類、零廢棄」政策之參考依據。在垃圾轉運查核作業部分，藉由計算垃圾轉運差異值，即可判斷該月份轉運作業是否完全將垃圾量清運，或有囤積未清運完畢之情形，亦可得知是否發生刻意累積垃圾或大量轉運等異常情形，其可落實垃圾資源及環境管理工作；經由轉運量差異分析得知，本研究並無顯著垃圾囤積未清運之情事發生，僅有人員管理方面，仍有改善空間。在垃圾物化組成中(在焚化廠採樣)，以紙類及塑膠類含量最多；垃圾乾基高位發熱值高於濕基高位發熱值，且無論是高位乾基或濕基之發熱值，均以塑膠類為最高，廚餘類為最低；在垃圾(濕基)化學元素分析中，有機氯以塑膠類(1.47％)含量最高，紙類(0.41％)次之。經考量RDF-5製作料源與量能、供應穩定性及垃圾含氯量等因素，本研究選用紙類、纖維布類及木竹稻草落葉類為RDF-5製作之料源，並在考量有機氯含量之情況下，以2:5:3 (紙類:纖維布類:木竹稻草落葉類)的組成比例製成一外觀為直徑約1.8公分、高約2公分之圓柱狀物體RDF-5。 未添加廢食用油之RDF-5平均發熱值約為4,325 kcal/kg，而掺配40wt％廢食用油後，RDF-WCO樣品平均發熱值可提高至6,071 kcal/kg。雖添加PET原料有助於提高RDF-5樣品之發熱值，但考量添加PET恐會增加有機氯含量，故不建議添加PET方式助長發熱值。掺配不同比例之廢食用油除可提高RDF-WCO發熱值外，在熱重損失部分亦有增加的作用。因RDF-WCO成品係以低含氯量之原物料製作而成，測其含氯量最多不超過0.112wt%，其可推測樣品在經由燃燒後，所排放之戴奧辛濃度最高僅0.00079ng-TEQ/Nm3，遠低於中小型焚化爐戴奧辛之0.5ng-TEQ/Nm3排放標準。對於環境效益而言，研製RDF-WCO 進行焚化處理，較掩埋處理、一般垃圾焚化處理排放之空氣污染物更少量，且最終底渣及飛灰產量也較少，不管是在空氣污染物的排放、減少廢棄物存量、能源的節省與創造方面等均有其相當程度之經濟效益存在。 最後，本研究提出一「全回收指標」（Total Recycle Index, ξTRI)，藉此評估垃圾全面回收管理計畫之成效。在未推行任何合適的廢棄物管理計畫下，ξTRI僅達0.69。頒布管理計畫之後，全回收指標逐年增長；當都市固體廢棄物進行全面回收與再利用時，ξTRI預計將於2015年前達到1.00。換句話說，透過健全可靠之規劃與精確管理，預計將能減少廢棄物量、降低垃圾增長率或者回收所有固體廢棄物。本研究是國內最先以「A to Z」概念，完整剖析從全區域垃圾產出、垃圾資源回收/分類，以至資源化處理成品製作等程序，頗具學術研究及政府施政之參考價值。
並列摘要
Taking Area A as an example, the study makes field assessments starting with refuse transshipping prior to resourceful treatments, sorting of source materials for producing Type-5 Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF-5), and mixing different proportions of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) in the RDF-5, for the production of RDF-WCO products. Optimal combustion thermo-yield of RDF-WCO is analyzed, for future references of the industry, academic institutes and government authorities in setting up Total-Classification and Zero-Waste policies. By calculating variations of waste transshipment when auditing the transshipment operation, it is possible to determine whether waste transshipment of a given month is fully carried out or any remainder exists, it also enables the detection of intentional accumulation or an anomaly such as if an exceptionally large transshipment volume of waste exists, therefore facilitating the control of refuse resources and environmental management. The majority of physical and chemical ingredients of waste includes paper and plastics (sample in incineration plants). Higher Heating Value in a dry basis of waste is higher than their Higher Heating Value in a wet basis; either in dry basis or in wet basis, plastic waste has the highest Higher Heating Values, kitchen waste has the lowest. In the chemical element analysis of waste (in a wet basis), plastics have the highest content of organic chlorine (1.47%), paper the next (0.41%). The study selects paper, fiber fabric, and wood, bamboo, rice straw, and fallen leaves as sources of raw material for making RDF-5 based on considerations of source and energy of materials, stability of supply, and chlorine content of wastes. Considering the content of organic chlorine, solid form RDF-5 is produced in the form of cylinders of 1.8cm diameter and 2cm height, in a proportion ratio of 2:5:3 (paper: fiber cloth: wood and bamboo straw deciduous). Average Heating Value of RDF-5 without the addition of WCO is approximately 4,325 kcal/kg; the Average Heating Value of RDF-WCO rises to 6,071 kcal/kg when 40wt% of WCO is added. Although adding PET material helps to increase heating value of the RDF-5 sample, due to concerns of organic chlorine content resulting from PET additives, it is not recommended to increase heating value by mixing-in the PET material. In addition to increasing the heating value of RDF-WCO, adding different proportions of WCO may also increase its heat-weight loss. Since RDF-WCO products are made of raw materials with a low chlorine content, the measurement is no more than 0.112wt%, from which the emission of dioxin content is estimated as no more than 0.00079ng-TEQ/Nm3 when the sample went through combustion, which is far lower than 0.5ng-TEQ/Nm3, the dioxin emission criterion of a small to medium scale incinerator. In terms of environmental benefits, using RDF-WCO for incineration creates less air pollution in comparison with landfill and general waste incineration, and the resulting volume of slag and ash is also lower; economic benefits exist in all aspects, including the emission of air-pollutants, reduction of waste accumulation, energy saving and power generation. Finally, this study proposes a Total Recycle Index (ξTRI) for assessing the overall performance of waste recycling. ξTRI was 0.69 when none of suitable waste management plans was promoted. After the promulgation of the management plan, ξTRI increased year after year; when solid urban waste is fully recycled and re-used, ξTRI is expected to reach 1.0 before 2015. In other words, by way of reliable planning and accurate management, it is expected that the amount of waste will be reduced, waste growth will be lowered, or solid waste will be fully recycled. The study employs the concept of “A to Z” for the first time in Taiwan for a comprehensive analysis of procedures including the production of waste in the entire area, recycle/classification of resource waste, and resource treatment and production of products, which is most valuable for reference of academic research and government authorities in the establishment of policy.