都市市場廢棄物堆肥資源最適化之探討

原本大地是孕育出無限生命可能的土壤，但是隨著人類科技的迅速發展，各種污染也迅速散佈。大都市動輒數百萬人口群聚，產生大量廢棄物。過去的垃圾是以焚化的方式處理，焚化垃圾不僅需要大量的設備費用及土地，焚化所需之燃料還須要進口昂貴之燃料油。凡此種種，除了造成政府的財政負擔外，其所產生最大的問題是空氣污染－被稱為「世紀之毒」的「戴奧辛」，世界各國一致公認其為強烈的致癌物質，容易導致孕婦流產或產生畸形兒，而且會損害人體的肝臟與免疫系統。後來掩埋垃圾也盛行一時，但土地尋找不易，也常遭到設置地點的居民抗爭，掩埋地附近惡臭難聞，蒼蠅和璧蝨滋生，是病菌的溫床。為了響應垃圾減量，資源再利用，並且不產生戴奧辛以及產生污染－Think Globally, Act Locally，取之於大地，用之於大地，許多廢棄物其實是可以回收利用的。因此，改善傳統堆肥所產生的缺點，例如所需的場地較大，所需時間一般約為3-12 個月，生產過程中，有機廢棄物容易孳生臭味、蚊蠅及污水，造成二次污染，且其品質較為低劣，市場接受度不高，無法取代化學肥料。堆肥所產生的無機垃圾需要處理或再度掩埋，無法響應垃圾減量及合乎資源再利用的條件。因此，透過實際製作的方式，並且不斷的改良，進一步推出有機堆肥技術。這個技術是利用傳統市場的廢棄物、蔬菜、果皮、羽毛、肉類殘渣，以有系統的 ii 方法篩選除去塑膠、寶特瓶、鐵鋁罐、玻璃及紙箱後，通過粗分碎、細破碎機、定量釋菌機加入光合細菌或木碳粉、木酢液，經密閉高速醱酵槽後，以脫水機烘乾。篩選完成後，用造粒機製成粒狀以利施肥標準化，前後三日即可完成。利用自做之有機堆肥，除本身有實驗農場外，也直接提供專門種植有機蔬菜的農民做實驗。用做實驗的作物有五種以上，例如結球甘藍(俗稱大頭菜)、蕹菜、小黃瓜、青蔥、鳶尾草。實驗結果為可增加蔬菜產量、提高營養，從此不必再用農藥，有圖為證。

關鍵字

連作障礙；酸鹼度碳氮比；有機肥料光合細菌；蚯蚓；微量元素

並列摘要

As a consequence of rapid advance of technologies, various forms of pollutants such as industrial wastes become widely spread, overwheIming the earth that has provided fertile ground for all lives to thrive. As population becomes denser, it is not uncommon for a city to have millions of people, generating large quanty of garbage that needs to be disposed. Although, garbage combustion (incineration) was popular in countries such as Japan where land is a scarce resource, its limitation has been well recognized. An incinerator requires a large site for the facility to operate,,/ y expensive equipments, and consumption of imported fuel. In addition to financial burden to public service sectors, an incinerator may also generate unwanted pollutants swch as dioxin that is known to be very toxic with detrimental health effects including cancer, adverse reproductive effects, and male infertility. Another alternative for garbage disposal is landfill. However, landfill requires a huge burial site, and is proned to protest from communities neighboring the site as it may attract mosquitoes and flies, produce smelly air, and as the potential of leaking plastic layer that can leads to contamination of underground water. Clearly, landfill is not an ideal -method for garbaqe disposal either. To reduce garbage generation, and to avoid producing unwanted pollutants such as dioxin, composting has obvious benefits of resource recycling and iv sustainability, creating a useful product from organic wastes that would otherwise have been landfilled. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve traditional composting method, and to overcome the deficiencies known to be associated with the traditional composting method such as the requirement of large facility site, long duration of production cycle (3-12months), potential of emitting smelly air, and contamination of underground water. Furthermore, the product produced by traditional composting method is not readily accepted in the market place as a substitute for organic fertilizer, and thus may require further waste treatment, defeating the original purpose of resource recycling. This thesis presents results of my research on composting method and procedure to produce organic fertilizer from organic wastes such as meat, vegetables, fruits, and other food scraps. After going through a material separation process designed to remove materials such as plastics and metals that cannot be composted, purple photosynthetic bacteria, wood ckocoal and wood vinegar are mixed with organic wastes that are fed into the airtight composting silo. The organic wastes will be rapidly fermented and decomposed in the composting trench. The resultant organic product is then dehydrated by a drum dryer, After inspection, the end product is made into particles conventient for use in farm and garden applhcations, It takes only about 3 days-to comp'lete this production cycle. i The organic fetilizer produced by this cornposting method has been tested in our experimental plots as well as in some private vegetable farms. Five produces were tested: they were cabage, Chinese water crest (yen-chai), cucumber, green onion, and wagtail grass. As shown in the pictures, these pesticides-free produces from the compost-treated plots are both quantitatively and qualitatively superior to the control plots,