- 學位論文
臥室空間熱舒適性之實測與改善策略模擬研究-以開口部變化與多層次外牆為變因
A Study on the Thermo-comfortability of a Bedroom —Influenced By Varied Openings and Multi-layer Exterior wall
摘要
本研究為能改善台灣地區臥室空間悶熱不舒適的普遍狀況，提出有效的改善策略與建議，以發揮自然通風之實質效益。本研究的操作方法與步驟如下: 一、藉由「住宅現場實測」釐清外氣環境、開口部介面、室內環境等三者之間關係，掌握臥室空間的實態特徵，進而建置代表性之臥室CFD實態模型。 二、以現場實況與CFD數值模擬結果比對，確定該工具的準確性與信賴度。延續模型之邊界條件與物件屬性設定，建置代表性尺度的臥室空間模型。 三、利用該模型作為自然通風改善室內舒適性策略之預測平台，進行1.通風開口率2.通風位置3.開窗型式4.多層次外牆等介面變化之模擬，掌握三維空間的溫度與氣流場變化，並提出最佳的改善策略。 四、以林宅臥室空間2006/09/20的熱舒適狀況為例，調整其通風狀況檢驗改善前後的室內舒適狀況。 本研究主要的結論為: 一、 本研究藉由「現場實測→提出理論模型→建置CFD數值空間模型→實驗變項與改善策略模擬」之「操作程序與設定方式」，有效運用現場實測的數據，使其不只能做個案的現象描述，也作為設計階段之參考。 二、 本研究將真實生活中三度空間的溫度與氣流分佈，以圖示表達，補足過去研究者所忽略的「溫度軸向」，進而驗證較完備之改善室內舒適性策略。 （一） 為滿足「有效排出室內多餘的熱量」、「有效提升室內氣流流速」之需求，本研究提出「增加上下窗間的高低差」與「貫流通風」等兩種策略：模擬結果顯示，改善夏季台灣臥室熱舒適性之最佳策略為「設置門上氣窗」，其次為「開窗開門」的方式使單側通風變成貫流通風及「外牆開口部設置上、下氣窗」的方式加強開口部的通風性能。 林宅臥室為例，模擬結果顯示增設「門上氣窗」使室內人體活動範圍的溫度降低0.05~0.35℃，人體活動範圍外的溫度降低0.3~2.8℃，風速提升0.004~0.38m/s，且明顯改善室內熱量堆積的情形。比較改善前後之溫度、溼度、風速等數據所轉換的PMV與PPD，顯示該策略使室內由「稍暖」變成「舒適」之感受（PMV由數值1~2降至0.5左右），並使PPD的變化幅度趨緩（由5％~35％之間波動變成5％~15％之間波動）。 （二） 研究顯示: 「貫流通風的策略」可有效提升室內舒適性（溫度改善0.3~3℃，風速提升0.02~1.5m/s），而「調整開口部的形式與外牆界面深度」的策略僅有助於提升室內舒適性（溫度降低0.05℃~0.5℃，風速提升0.01~0.05m/s）。 三、 本研究以量化數值瞭解開口部變化與多層次外牆對室內溫度場與氣流場之影響幅度： （一） 「通風開口率」、「通風位置」對室內溫度場與氣流場並無太大影響。 （二） 一般而言，多層次外牆之「花台、陽台」等構造物有助於室內氣流流速提升（增加0.01~0.12m/s）與溫度降低（減少0.01~0.4℃），尤其靠窗處的流速改善最為顯著（流速由0.08m/s提升至0.2m/s左右）。改善室內熱舒適性的效果在構造物的深度1M內時，隨著深度增加而加強，最佳可使室內溫度降低0.4 ℃，風速提升0.12 m/s；構造物深度在1M以上時則逐漸減弱，尤其深度達1.5M以上時，該構造物容易造成室內溫度累積。 但「花台加窗」或「陽台加窗」之多層次外牆容易造成室內整體的溫度升高（增加0.3℃左右）、氣流流速降低（減少0.02 m/s左右），並隨構造物深度增加益為明顯；如深度超過1M時會完全將外氣阻擋於室外，室內風速幾乎停滯。
並列摘要
This research is conducted to point out the effective strategies and suggestions to ameliorate the stuffy bedrooms in Taiwan. The research is conducted by the following methods and steps, 1. The relationship among the outside atmosphere, multi-level outer-wall system, and the house environment is clarified on the basis of “a site actual survey in the house.” Therefore, we can grasp the actual condition of a bedroom and establish the representative CFD model. 2. Right compared with CFD numerical simulation result with the on-the-spot circumstance, confirm the accuracy of this tool and trust degree. Extending border terms of the model and set up the attribute of the things, and to construction the representative yardstick of bedroom space model. 3. Using the model as the forecasting platform of the natural ventilation improvement strategy to simulate the changing of the interfaces, such as 1.ventilation aperture, 2.ventilation position, 3.the window-opening pattern, and 4.multi-level outer-walls. So, we can grasp the changes of the three-dimensional space’s temperature and air current, and, according to the result, propose the best improvement strategy. 4. In order to establish the essence benefit of the best tactics, take warm state on 2006/09/20 of residence bedroom of Lin’s as an example to adjust and the comfortable state in the room before and after relatively improving. Main conclusion of research: 1. Penetrate ventilation of the strategy valid promotes indoor comfortable (the temperature improve 0.3~3℃ , the wind velocity promotes 0.02~1.5 m/s), and adjusts the form and the interface depth of the outside wall of way only ”conduce” in promote indoor comfortable.(the temperature improve 0.05 ℃ ~0.5 ℃ , the wind velocity promotes 0.01~0.05 m/s) 2. 「the variety of the windows」 and 「the multi-level outer wall」to the influence of the indoor temperature field and the air current field: A. The influence of 「the percentage of ventilation and opening」 and 「the position of ventilation」to indoor temperature field and air current field doesn’t too great difference with relevant research conclusion that have already. B. structural form when prove: i. It can contribute to the indoor velocity of flow to improve (+0.01~12m/s) and lower the temperature(-0.01~0.4℃) that “ 'flowered balcony' with windows, balcony “,etc. The result of hot-comfortable regards structure thing of 1M depth as the line of demarcation to deserve and it improving in the room, enhancement as its depth increases of the result in 1M of depth of the component, the best can improve 0.4 degrees centigrade of indoor temperature, the wind speed improves 0.12 m/s, it is weak gradually to improve the result in above 1M in depth of the component, especially when the depth reaches above 1.5M, It is apt to cause indoor temperature to accumulate that it's time to construct things. ii. Structural form on ”'flowered balcony' with windows” or “ balcony add window “ apt to cause indoor temperature rise(+0.3℃左右), trend that air current reduce of whole(-0.02m/s左右), especially the depth exceeding 1M will totally stop outside angrily outdoors, it makes influence by outside atmosphere not at all in the room.