「文昌」的崇拜祭祀,源自戰國時代星辰的信仰。文昌帝君主持文運、功名與利祿,為歷代文人學士虔誠祭祀的主要對象之一。1801年文昌廟入官祀祭典, 1856年晉升中祀典禮,成為清代官祀建築中重要的部分。尤其,文昌廟與地方書院經常融合為一,或依成立先後而彼此附屬。 本研究以台灣地區的文昌廟為對象進行田野調查記錄,配合相關文獻,探究文昌廟的建築空間與構成關係,分別就其周圍環境配置、建築佈局、祭祀空間及其構成的儀式空間進行討論,探討其作為官祀建築之表現特徵。透過文昌廟儀式行為,釐清台灣地區官方與民間的文化、道德及社會價值意涵。其重點包括: (1)由地方紳士倡建的文昌信仰建築類型,包括專祀文昌帝君所單獨建造的文昌祠(廟),以及順應地形、環境、風水而興築的文昌閣或奎星樓。(2)台灣地區的官祀文昌廟,除表達神道設教以利於統治之外,亦展現出地方百姓對於文運神信仰的重視。(3)官方祭祀文昌帝君的策略與民間文昌信仰的本質差異,以釐清「官祀」與「民祀」之分野。(4)官祀文昌廟著重於「官祀」儀式空間的建構,隱含著統治者欲藉其神性以拉攏民心之統治策略,故較無特定建築型式。(5)文昌信仰空間與社會文化的關係,包括考試制度的轉變、社會經濟的興衰與政治轉變的策略,皆影響著文昌廟的存在價值(或為興建、圮毁、消失等)。
The original Wen-Chang belief was translated from the star worship since Warring-States Ages. Being a symbol of literature, great achievement and fortune, Wen-Chang Di Chun became the major belief of scholars. The worship of Wen-Chang Di Chun had become the official ritual ceremony in 1801. Furthermore, it had been promoted to the middle level ritual (中祀) in 1856. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between architectural space and ritual space, such as its environmental context, architectural form and spatial organization, by the field work and related documents of Wen-Chang Temple. It offers the key to distinguish the difference from official and folk belief through the analysis of the characters of ritual space of Wen-Chang temple. The following results are obtained: (1)The types of Wen-Chang temple include Wen-Chang temple due to special worship reason and Wen-Chang Gee (means multi-story) consider of fang shun. (2)The built of official Wen-Chang temple is not only for the reason of governing strategy, but also show the emphasis on local belief of literature and good fortune. (3)There are many differences between official and folk Wen-Chang temple, for example, worship ritual procedure, ceremony staff or date of ceremony … and so on. (4)By regarding highly on the official ritual structure, the official Wen-Chang temple has no particular external form. (5)The variation (likes establishment, reconstruction or disappearance) of Wen-Chang temple are due to the mutual effect of exam system, social economy and political strategy.