Nanoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2) layers were prepared on a Ti substrate by using oxygen plasma-immersion ion implantation (oxygen PIII). The surface chemical states, structure, and morphology of the layers were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The mechanical properties, such as the Young's modulus and hardness, of the layers were investigated using nanoindentation testing. The Ti4+ chemical state was determined to be present on oxygen-PIII-treated surfaces, which consisted of nanocrystalline TiO2 with a rutile structure. A nanoporous structure was observed on the layers after oxygen PIII treatment, and compared with an untreated Ti substrate, the treated specimens exhibited decreased Young's moduli and hardness, which corresponded to the percentage of the porosity. Parameters indicating the blood compatibility of the oxygen-PIII-treated surfaces, including the clotting time and platelet adhesion and activation, were studied in vitro. Clotting time assays indicated that the clotting time of oxygen-PIII-treated surfaces was longer than that of the untreated Ti substrate, which was associated with decreased fibrinogen adsorption. In conclusion, the blood compatibility of Ti implants can be improved using oxygen PIII.