足球運動不同角球落點下頭球動作產生腦部反應之探討

The Brain Responses to Soccer-heading Impact at Different Corner-kick Landing Location

陳柏諺(Po-Yen Chen)

指導教授 ： 陳祥和

臺北醫學大學/醫學院/醫學科學研究所/碩士(2015年)

https://doi.org/10.6831/TMU.2015.00049

摘要

根據2014年世界足球聯盟(FIFA)公布的世界足球人口是2億7千萬人，占全界人口4%，可以說是世界上最受歡迎的運動之一。而在從事足球運動的同時，多少都存著運動傷害的風險。足球動作中，頭球是一項複雜的動作，可能發生在奔跑、站立、往前跳進或往後或者在攻守交換時，是發生創傷性腦受損的可能時機。在比賽中常見到使用頭球的時機為執行角球時，因為進攻方可以預先設計進攻點及投入進攻的球員，再透過個人技巧和團隊戰術的配合，達到得分的目的。角球配合頭球是目前比賽中常見的進攻策略之一，對於球員腦部產生的腦傷風險值得探討。本篇研究針對2014世界盃的角球分析，瞭解其落點情況統計出常見的落點區，實際觀測四位大學足球隊員執行踢角球的動作，利用攝影機記錄並分析執行角球時的運動學資料。接著運用有限元素模擬的方式，模擬不同落點的角球下足球員頭球動作發生的碰撞，對於腦部的反應以及產生腦震盪的風險進行比較。研究結果發現在2014年世界盃所開出的角球中，有76.5%的機率球員會使用頭球的動作接球。球門近柱十二碼罰球點內區域1和區域2有最多的角球落點分佈，球門遠柱十二碼罰球點內區域4和區域5則是有較高的得分效益。當角球落於區域4到6時，在球速較高的條件下，使用前額頭球，大腦灰質的最大應變接近可能造成腦震盪25%機率的閥值，而大腦白質的最大應變和最大應變率都是高於頭頂碰撞。雖然大腦組織在頭球過程中因碰撞而導致組織的應變，但從頭部外觀是無法看出有明顯的損傷。若以較安全的頭球策略來說，在球速較低的區域1和區域2會比球速較高的區域4和區域5來的安全，但根據2014年世界盃分析角球的結果，得分效率的落點以高球速區為高。本研究建議未來足球訓練與競賽中，在角球結合頭球的比重提高下，除了進攻得分之戰術考量外，也要注意其中隱藏的腦震盪風險。

關鍵字

足球 ； 腦震盪 ； 有限元素分析 ； 角球 ； 頭球

並列摘要

According to information released by Fédération Internationale de Football Association in 2014, the population of soccer is about two hundred and seventy million, which makes it one of the most popular sports in the world. Although soccer is not traditionally identified as a sport with a high risk for head injuries, several studies have shown that concussion rates in soccer often exceed those of other contact sports. Heading is the action of hitting the ball with their unprotected head by players on offense or defense. In recent years, controversies about the long-term effects of repeated impacts from heading have raised attention from the medical community. Previous works using finite element simulation studied the responses of the human brain during American football-related concussions. That model-predicted strain and strain rate in the corpus callosum correlate with changes in indices of concussion's white matter integrity have been confirmed preliminarily. This study aims to estimate the response of the human brain in soccer-heading impacts using the finite element method. It can help us understand the risk of concussion during heading. This study focus on headers after corner kicks in the 20th World Cup of 2014. First, statistics of corner kicks and headers in each game were done for the World Cup 2014. Second, four soccer team players were recruited to serve the corner kicks, and the kinematic data of corner kicks were recorded with 4 cameras. Finally, finite element human models were used to simulate the brain response during heading in different corner-kick landing regions. The results showed that headers occurred during 76.5% of all corner kicks in the World Cup 2014. The regions 1&2 were the most frequent locations of the corner kick landing, and regions 4&5 were the most efficient locations for scoring in the World Cup 2014. When the corner-kick ball landed at regions 4 to 6 with high velocity, the peak maximum principal strain of gray matters was close to the threshold of 25% concussion and the peak maximum principal strain & peak maximum strain rate of white matters was higher during forehead heading than the tophead heading. The brain tissue sustained high strain and pressure during heading impact although there was no obvious trauma that resulted in the skull. Heading with slower balls at regions 1&2 is safer than that with faster balls at regions 4&5 but the scoring efficiency was higher at faster landing regions according to the statistics of corner-kick headers in the World Cup 2014. This study reveals that corner-kick heading has a higher risk of concussion in faster landing regions, and reminds us that training and offensive strategy should better consider the risk of concussion instead of scoring efficiency only.

並列關鍵字

soccer ； finite element ； corner kicks ； heading ； concussion

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