泰雅菜園中種什麼?臺灣山區原住民部落對植物的栽種與利用

What's growing in an Atayal garden? Indigenous cultivation and use of plants in a Taiwan mountain community

崔詩畫(Trista di Genova)

指導教授 ： 華伯諾

臺北醫學大學/人文暨社會科學院/醫學人文研究所/碩士(2015年)

https://doi.org/10.6831/TMU.2015.00083

摘要

一個親戚鴻溝存在於學術界，在左右時，它已成為研究的南島語研究的重要網站時土著知識，使用和栽培植物在台灣。本土造園手法和小規模種植已在歷史上忽視了學術和人類學記錄，不承認並考慮居住與土地長期持有的土著傳統。本研究中，基於訪談原居民，專家和歷史文獻，認為與此相反：這些小的家庭菜園一直存在，生存和自給自足。即使在今天，五峰的花園在提供新鮮，營養豐富，重要的是，免費的產品，以現代土著飲食的關鍵作用。此外五峰其極為多樣化的糧食系統都是優秀的模型來看看，了解民族植物學及其演變，在這裡和在台灣..
探索土著利用植物人種學技術的採用，採用三角測量的人類學研究，方法在這種情況下trifacta：參與式觀察，訪談/焦點小組和協商專家。三園一賽夏族和兩個泰雅族，被選為代表的土著菜園，因此值得在本研究中特別關注。 40多實地考察進行了在2012 - 2014年期間在五峰鄉（五峰），新竹縣，面試普通話60多個原居民和專家。這項研究的目的有三個方面：找出盡可能多的植物盡可能在這一領域;採訪中居民對他們的使用，培養，製備;最後，確定的物種引入到該區域。教授耶胡明的幫助下，從生態台大研究所和進化生物學，產地和引進該地區植物的真正來源，揭示了導致彙編，其中列出了被吃掉，種植品種129，出售，在這個領域培養或天賦。五峰的例子顯示了如何原住民菜園已演變，尤其是在許多物種在過去一個世紀 - ‗outside'，‗foreign“和‗nontraditional”獲得通過，納入當地的飲食。通過查明植物的起源，這項研究說明了植物的進入在整個歷史上發生的幾波的地方多樣性的影響。
這項研究的限制是，該綱要未必完全面面俱到，百科全書。有有時很難確認在克服身份，語言，此主題相關的文化和記憶問題的數據是可用，以及面臨的挑戰。比如有差距線人'的回憶，對功能和醫療目的，轉而採用基於個人喜好的植物幾個標誌減弱植物知識。有進一步研究的若干建議方面：植物的基因檢測;確定一定‗leaf蔬菜重要的是要局部減肥的營養價值;並找到了一些比較‗mysterious“物種在這一研究的真正起源;研究採用了現代飲食，特別是鹽，糖，飽和脂肪，商業酒精和香煙的某些有害元素對健康的影響;改善獲得緊急，精神衛生保健和姑息治療的這個社會。最後，政府官員正在敦促當地旅遊投資作為一種策略來緩解這種影響一定的社會和健康問題以及台灣等土著社區。這些都是一些改進，可以作出彌補10年的差距在土著社區和台灣人口的其餘部分之間的預期壽命。

關鍵字

營養 ； 台灣原住民菜園 ； 舊石器時代飲食 ； 泰雅族 ； 民族植物學

並列摘要

A relative chasm exists in academia about indigenous knowledge, use and cultivation of plants in Taiwan at a time when it has emerged as an important site of research in Austronesian studies. Indigenous gardening practices and small-scale cultivation have been historically overlooked in academic and anthropological records, failing to acknowledge and take into account long-held indigenous traditions of living with the land. This study, based upon interviews with indigenous residents, experts and historical documents, argues to the contrary: these small family vegetable gardens have always existed, for survival and self-sufficiency. Even today, Wufong‘s gardens play a key role in providing fresh, nutritious and importantly, free produce, to the modern indigenous diet. Furthermore Wufong and its extremely diversified food system are excellent models to look at to understand the ethnobotany and its evolution, here and in Taiwan..
To explore indigenous use of plants ethnographic techniques are employed, using the anthropological approach of triangulation, a trifacta of methods in this case: participant observation, interviews/focus groups and consultations with experts. Three Gardens, one Saisiyat and two Atayal, were chosen as representative of indigenous vegetable gardens, and therefore merit particular focus in this study. Over 40 field visits were conducted over the 2012-2014 period in Wufong Township (五峰), Hsinchu County, interviewing in Mandarin more than 60 indigenous residents and experts. The aims of this research were threefold: to identify as many plants as possible in this area; interview residents about their usage, cultivation, preparation; and finally, determine the species‘ introduction to the area. With the help of Professor Hu Jer-ming, from NTU‘s Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, the plants‘ true source of origin and introduction to the area were revealed in the resulting Compendium, which lists 129 species that are eaten, grown, sold, cultivated or gifted in this area. Wufong‘s example shows how the Aboriginal vegetable garden has evolved, especially in the past century as many species -- ‗outside‘, ‗foreign‘ and ‗nontraditional‘ were adopted, incorporated into the local diet. By pinpointing the plants‘ origins, this study illustrates the impact on local diversity of several waves of plant introductions that have occurred throughout history.
Limitations of this study were that the Compendium may not be entirely exhaustive, encyclopedic. There was sometimes difficulty in confirming data that was available, as well as challenges in overcoming identity, language, cultural and recollection issues related to this topic. For instance there were gaps in informants‘ recollection, several indications of waning plant knowledge for functional and medical purposes in favor of plants based on individual preference. There are several recommended areas for further research: genetic testing of plants; determining nutritional value of certain ‗leaf vegetables‘ important to the local diet; and finding the true origins of some of the more ‗mysterious‘ species in this research; examining the health impact of adopting certain harmful elements of the Modern diet, particularly salt, sugar, saturated fats, commercial alcohol and cigarettes; improving access to emergency, mental health care and palliative care to this community. Finally, public officials are urged to invest in local tourism as one strategy to alleviate certain social and health issues affecting this and Taiwan‘s other indigenous communities. These are some improvements that could be made to bridge the 10-year gap in life expectancy between indigenous communities and the rest of Taiwan‘s population.

並列關鍵字

Atayal ； ethnobotany ； Taiwan aboriginal culture, indigenous vegetable gardens ； Paleolithic Diet

參考文獻

Lin, W., Hang, C.-M., Yang, H.-C., & Hung, M.-H. (2011). 2005-2008 Nutrition and health survey in Taiwan: the nutrition knowledge, attitude and behavior of 19-64 year old adults. A Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 20(2), 309-318.

Lin, W., Yang, H., Hang, C., & Pan, W. (2007). Nutrition knowledge, attitude, and behavior of Taiwanese elementary school children. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16(2), 534-546.

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Literature cited