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  • 學位論文

以海水調製化學戰劑消除藥劑可行性研究

Feasibility Studies on the Use of Sea Water for Preparation of Decontamination Agent for Combating Chemical Warfare Agents

指導教授 : 林勝雄
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摘要


摘 要 本研究選用目前軍方現役消除劑:STB耐熱漂白粉與八二式消除劑,以海水與淡水調製後,對巴拉松進行化學消除測試、生物消除測試和植物生長影響測試,比較消除效能,並進行動力學推估。 化學消除測試是以濃度為100mg/L的巴拉松,與淡水和海水調製的消除劑反應,以了解消除效能的差異。生物消除測試是以淡水和海水調製的消除劑,對總菌落數為9920 CFU/ml之廢水進行消除,取樣進行總生菌數培養,驗證STB耐熱漂白粉和八二式消除劑的生物消除效能。植物生長影響測試則是以淡水和海水調製成濃度5000mg/L的消除劑,使用噴灑器均勻噴灑在固定面積的自然植披,168小時後,觀察消除藥劑對自然植披的影響。 化學消除測試的結果顯示,用海水調製國軍制式化學戰劑消除劑,其對化學戰劑的消除效能雖然會比淡水調製時稍差;但是還是可達到60﹪以上的消除效率。因為海水中的陽離子會與消除劑釋放的氯離子結合,形成鹽類,影響消除劑對化學戰劑的消除效能,減低消除劑的消除效果;所以若要提高消除效率,可用增加消除劑濃度的方法來解決;達到消除的目的。 生物消除實驗的結果顯示,不論是以海水或淡水為基質,濃度同為0.5ppm以上時,兩者的消除效率均趨近於100﹪。 由植物生長影響測試的結果顯示,以海水基質調製的消除劑對實驗區的植物生長影響較明顯。 綜合化學消除測試、生物消除測試與植物生長影響測試等三種測試結果再加上消除劑本身性質的特性,可以歸納出最佳消除藥劑與基質的搭配是八二式消除劑與淡水;顯示出八二式消除劑的性能遠優於STB耐熱漂白粉。所以經由實驗結果顯示:以海水為基質調製化學戰劑消除劑是確實可行的。

關鍵字

化學戰劑 消除藥劑

並列摘要


表2-1 神經性毒劑主要物理性質 6 表2-2 神經性毒劑對人的毒性 8 表2-3芥子氣、路易氏劑及氮芥氣的主要物理性質 11 表2-4 液滴態糜爛性毒劑對人的皮膚毒性 12 表2-5 芥子氣不同途徑的毒性 13 表2-6 氫氰酸和氯化氰的主要物理性質 14 表2-7 氫氰酸和氯化氰吸入毒性 15 表2-8 光氣、雙光氣主要物理性質 17 表2-9 光氣對人的毒性 18 表2-10 雙光氣對人的毒性 18 表2-11 刺激性毒劑的主要理化性質 20 表2-12 刺激性毒劑對人的毒性 21 表3-1 海水與河水離子成份比較表 28 表3-2 直讀式儀器各項測定值 34 表3-3 有效氯滴定程序及滴定時的顏色變化 37 表3-4 有效氯的滴定結果 38 表3-5 氣相分析儀儀器操作條件 41 表3-6 氣相分析儀溫控條件 41 表3-7 植物生長影響測試實驗步驟 49 表4-1不同基質調製的消除藥劑與不同濃度間的比例關係表 57 表4-2 經過168小時後,植物之生長情形 62 摘 要 本研究選用目前軍方現役消除劑:STB耐熱漂白粉與八二式消除劑,以海水與淡水調製後,對巴拉松進行化學消除測試、生物消除測試和植物生長影響測試,比較消除效能,並進行動力學推估。 化學消除測試是以濃度為100mg/L的巴拉松,與淡水和海水調製的消除劑反應,以了解消除效能的差異。生物消除測試是以淡水和海水調製的消除劑,對總菌落數為9920 CFU/ml之廢水進行消除,取樣進行總生菌數培養,驗證STB耐熱漂白粉和八二式消除劑的生物消除效能。植物生長影響測試則是以淡水和海水調製成濃度5000mg/L的消除劑,使用噴灑器均勻噴灑在固定面積的自然植披,168小時後,觀察消除藥劑對自然植披的影響。 化學消除測試的結果顯示,用海水調製國軍制式化學戰劑消除劑,其對化學戰劑的消除效能雖然會比淡水調製時稍差;但是還是可達到60﹪以上的消除效率。因為海水中的陽離子會與消除劑釋放的氯離子結合,形成鹽類,影響消除劑對化學戰劑的消除效能,減低消除劑的消除效果;所以若要提高消除效率,可用增加消除劑濃度的方法來解決;達到消除的目的。 生物消除實驗的結果顯示,不論是以海水或淡水為基質,濃度同為0.5ppm以上時,兩者的消除效率均趨近於100﹪。 由植物生長影響測試的結果顯示,以海水基質調製的消除劑對實驗區的植物生長影響較明顯。 綜合化學消除測試、生物消除測試與植物生長影響測試等三種測試結果再加上消除劑本身性質的特性,可以歸納出最佳消除藥劑與基質的搭配是八二式消除劑與淡水;顯示出八二式消除劑的性能遠優於STB耐熱漂白粉。所以經由實驗結果顯示:以海水為基質調製化學戰劑消除劑是確實可行的。 Abstract This research is to utilize fresh and sea water in preparing two decontamination agents (Super tropical bleach or STB and Type 82) which are currently used in the military. Research emphasis focuses on using these agents for decomposing parathion and for killing the bacteria in the water. The effect of the prepared agent on the grass growth is also considered. For all tests, stock solution of 100 mg/l parathion and pond water containing 9920 CFU/ml bacterial count were prepared. l tests. The test results on decontaminating chemical warfare agent (parathion) indicated that the decontamination agent prepared with sea water has been less effective than that prepared with fresh water. Still a decontamination efficiency of above 60% could be achieved for a decontamination agent of 10,000 mg/l. The reason for the reduced effectiveness of the former was apparently due to that the variuos cationic ions present in the sea water partially combine the chloride of the agent, resulting in formation of complex salts. However, the decontamination efficiency can be considerably elevated by using a decontamination agent with much higher concentration beyond 10,000 mg/l, as generally practiced in the military applications. For killing the bacteria, 0.5 mg/l decontamination agents prepared with fresh or sea water had a decontamination efficiency of nearly 100%. The effect of decontamination agent on the grass growth was found to be significant only for the one prepared with sea water. However, this effect of decontamination agent on the grass growth was found to disappear naturally in about one month after its application. Observation from all the test results reveals that freshwater is still the better medium for preparing the decontamination agent using STB or Type 82. The counterparts prepared with sea water were observed to be slightly less effective in decontaminating parathion. However, the reduced effectiveness can be more than compensated by elevating the agent concentration. It is hence concluded that the decontamination agents prepared with sea water is highly feasible and practical in the field applications.

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