原住民部落觀光產業發展模式之研究： 以復興鄉高遶部落營造為例

Aboriginal Tribal Tourism Industry Development Model：with Fu-Hsing Township Gaorao the Tribe to Create an Example

林秋霖(Chiu-Lin Lin)

指導教授 ： 謝登旺

元智大學/人文社會學院/社會暨政策科學學系/碩士(2012年)

摘要

「部落觀光」與「觀光部落」，在大型觀光產業經營下僅能在經濟體系中夾縫求生。部落觀光產業必須結合「生態旅遊」與「文化觀光」的新型態觀光，才能成為部落擺脫經濟弱勢的基石，並且得以保存並傳承傳統原住民文化。但是原住民部落在政府或利益團體下經營，又將會面臨何種挑戰與衝擊？如果為部落在地自主營造，經營者又該如何善用本身少數族群文化特質，在商業激烈競爭中，以不同於其他部落的經營模式，永續經營觀光產業？在龐大利益誘因下，部落在地營造者是否真能讓原住民掌握部落觀光產業與傳承文化的主控權呢？而原住民部落自然生態旅遊觀光熱潮，是否能抵擋觀光發展後的衝擊？問號帶來本論文研究動機。 本研究的目的，在於探討桃園縣復興鄉高遶部落觀光產業發展模式的研究。研究過程，由高遶部落歷史發展的樣貌切入，在探討的視野上，從歷史的時空脈絡下各種因素，分別由政治（政府政策）、經濟產業和文化社會及習俗、環境資源四個層面，來瀏覽高遶部落觀光產業發展營造模式的樣貌。再以同樣的流程，就政治（政府政策）、經濟產業和文化社會及習俗、環境資源等面向，來分析影響部落發展的相關因素。其後，再由上述四個層面，來探討高遶部落在2005年起迄今的部落總體營造策略及影響策略的背景分析，藉由研究分析獲得歸納結論，提供建議，以為其他部落在營造上的參考，並由高遶部落觀光產業營造的經驗延伸，提供未來繼續研究的方向，以彌補本研究之不足。 研究結果最終提出了政治（政府政策）、經濟產業和文化社會及習俗、環境資源等四個層面的架構，評量部落現階段的各項觀光衝擊。結果發現，高遶部落顯著提升原住民觀光產業主導的自主性，文化復振、部落共同意識也因觀光營造下獲得充分提升。不過，在政治（政府政策）、經濟產業兩個層面，許多缺失亟待克服，仍有很大的進步空間。 高遶部落現有各觀光產業均為部落菁英個人或家族獨資經營，客源與經濟收益仍不穩定，觀光產業發展僅靠部落內高遶部落文化產業發展協會一手規劃及營造發展路線。因協會在經營領導者規劃下能獲取大部分公、私部門的資源，其他產業經營者沒有空間學習與成長，如此極易產生嫌隙與對立。不過，高遶部落自2005年來積極營造的部落觀光產業資源拓展與傳統文化傳承的效益，激發出在地人的凝聚力，召喚出部落共同的意識，其他部落菁英與公部門也逐步加入展開文化復振與傳承，為部落觀光產業尋找一條新的出路。而「傳統」、「創新」與「創意」更需仰賴文化詮釋來建構原住民族認同的新指標，也帶動部落裡自主營造觀光產業及文化傳承的風潮。

關鍵字

社區營造 ； 部落觀光 ； 文化 ； 原住民

並列摘要

Both "Tribal Tourism" and "Tourist Tribes," are simply struggled in the present economic system of the large-scale tourism industry. Tribal tourism industry must be combined with a new type of tourism, i.e. "ecotourism" and "cultural tourism". By doing so, the industry will become a cornerstone enabling to get rid of disadvantaged economy. Furthermore, the traditional aboriginal culture as well as and its heritage can be preserved. Nevertheless, aboriginal tribes were in operation under the government or interest groups, what challenges and impacts will they face? If the tribes run their business autonomously, how do the proprietors make good use of the minority of cultural characteristics in the competitive business world, totally distinctive from the other tribal development models? How do the tribes have sustainable management in the tourism industry?
With strong incentives to large profits, will tribe proprietors really allow indigenous people to grasp tribal tourism industry and inherit the mastership of the cultural inheritance? Will the natural eco-tourism boom of aboriginal tribes be able to withstand the impact of tourism development? Such a question mark would bring up the motivation of this thesis.
The purpose of this study is to explore the development model of the KaoRao tribe tourism industry in Fuxing Township, Taoyuan County. In the process of the study, we would observe from the perspective of historic development of the KaoRao tribe and explore a variety of factors in the context of history and space, respectively in politics (government policy), economic industry and cultural society & customs, environmental resources, altogether four respects. Consequently, we can browse the KaoRao tribe, tourism industry to create a development model. With the similar process, we would analyze the relevant factors of the tribal development at the aspects of politics (government policy), economic sector, cultural society, customs, environmental resources, etc.
Subsequently, based on these four aspects, we would explore the KaoRao tribe in terms of overall strategies and influence strategies and further make background analysis. By the help of research and analysis, we would obtain conclusion so as to offer proposals on operation to other tribes as reference. Furthermore, we may expend development experience of operating the KaoRao Tribal Tourism Industry. The future direction for continuing research can serve supplementary sources for this study.
The findings of this study eventually put forth politics (government policy), economic industry and cultural society & customs, environmental resources. Such four constructs can assess the impacts of tribal tourism at the current stage. The findings show that the KaoRao tribe has significantly enhanced the autonomy of Aboriginal tourism industry, which led to cultural revival. Moreover, tribal common sense has also fully been enhanced because tourism has been well created. However, both politics (government policy), and Economic industry require overcoming a plenty of their shortcomings. There is still much room for improvement. The current tourism businesses of the KaoRao tribe are mostly operated by the tribal elites or family-run enterprises. Tourist Business and economic benefits are still not stable. The promotion of Tourism industry is single-handedly operated and planned for tourism direction by the KaoRao Tribal Culture Industry Development Association.
Because operational leaders of the Association can obtain most of the resources, either in public sector or private sector, other proprietors in the industry have left smaller space to improve themselves in learning expertise and growth.
As a result, rifts and conflicts occur more likely. Fortunately, since 2005, the KaoRao tribe has actively created the tribe tourism industry and resources have been expanded with the benefits of traditional cultural heritage. Such practices have inspired the cohesion of the local people, summoned the tribal common sense. Other tribal elites and the public sector have then been gradually added in the force to expand the cultural revitalization and heritage. The tribal tourism industry has then found a new way out.
Nevertheless, "tradition" and "innovation" and "creativity" need to rely on cultural interpretation to construct a new indicator of aboriginal identity. Furthermore, it can create a wave of autonomous tribal tourism industry and cultural heritage.

並列關鍵字

community development ； tribal tourism ； culture ； indigenous people

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