運用最小平方誤差映射的圖像資料隱藏方法

Hiding Data In Images Using Least Square Error Mapping

胡敬民(Ching-Min Hu)

指導教授 ： 王任瓚

元智大學/資訊學院/資訊工程學系/碩士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6838/YZU.2013.00284

摘要

2012年學者Hong與Chen提出了一個高隱藏資訊量的資料隱藏技術，稱為合適像素配對法（Adaptive Pixel Pair Matching，APPM），在遮蔽圖像物件中每一對鄰近像素藏入任意一個k進制數字(k>=1)。APPM方法運用一對鄰近像素值對應於二維空間之參考座標，並根據欲嵌入的秘密資訊數字，在鄰近區域集附近內尋找到一個座標來進行置換。此方法不僅實現了高隱藏資料量，而且對一些已知的隱藏攻擊技術具有很好的抵抗力。APPM方法是在二維度空間中搜尋最佳資料隱藏的解決方案，然而其搜尋空間的約束也限制了這些解決方案的效能。本篇論文提出一個運用座標映射對應方法之資料隱藏的通式，將遮蔽圖像中每n個像素組成一組圖像區塊，來對應於 維度空間之參考座標，並以最小平方誤差映射隱藏函數從鄰近區域集搜尋最佳隱藏區塊解。本論文中並實現了以每一組圖像區塊為3個像素(n=3)之資料隱藏實例，且經實驗數據證明，確實較APPM方法的資料隱藏方法，具有更佳的資料隱藏能力。

關鍵字

資料秘密 ； 資料隱藏 ； 藏密學 ； 遮蔽圖像 ； 偽裝圖像 ； 自適應像素配對法 ； 最小平方誤差映射

並列摘要

In 2012 Hong and Chen proposed a novel data embedding method using adaptive pixel pair matching (APPM), in which a k-ary(k>=1) number is embedded in each pair of pixels of the cover image. It uses a pixel pair as a reference coordinate in two-dimensional space, and searches for a nearby coordinate in the neighborhood set to replace the pixel pair according to a given message digit. The method not only achieves a high hiding-payload, but also has good resistibility against the attacks of some well-known steganalysis techniques. APPM searches for the best embedding solution in 2D space in which the constraint for the searching space limits the performance of the scheme. In this paper a general form of data embedding using conceptualized coordinate mapping method is proposed. It processes n pixel values of an image block as a reference coordinate in n-dimensional space, and searches for the neighborhood set with least square error to constructs the embedding function. The construction of the proposed scheme with three-pixel block (n=3) under various message bases are illustrated in the paper. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme has higher embedding efficiency than that of the APPM.

並列關鍵字

Information Security ； Information Hiding ； Steganography ； Cover-Image ； Stego-Image ； Adaptive Pixel Pair Matching ； Least Square Error Mapping

參考文獻

[1] N. F. Johnson and S. Jajodia, “Exploring stegnography：seeing the unseen,” IEEE Computer, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 26–34, 1998.

[2] J. Fridrich, Steganography in Digital Media：Priciples, Algorithms, and Applications. Cambridge, U.K. ：Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009.

[3] N. Provos and P. Honeyman, “Hide and seek：An introduction to steganography,” IEEE Security Privacy, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 3244, 2003.

[4] A. Cheddad, J. Condell, K. Curran and P. McKevitt, “Digital image steganography：Survey and analysis of current methods,” Signal Processing, vol. 90, pp. 727752, 2010.

[7] S. Katzenbeisser and F. A. P. Petitcolas, “Information hiding techniques for steganography and digital watermarking,” Artech House Book Company.