- 學位論文
家戶室內空氣品質與學童肺功能
Household Indoor Air Quality and Children’s Lung Function
摘要
近年來，多數人待在室內的時間普遍變長，室內空氣品質愈來愈受到重視；然而，探討氣喘與空氣汙染物的研究卻大多著重在室外環境。不可否認的，住家週遭環境是有可能會影響室內空氣品質，但根據室外空氣汙染物濃度並無法準確的評估室內個人的暴露。由於肺功能、免疫系統尚未完全發展，孩童被認為是對空氣汙染物的敏感族群；其中，天生患有氣喘、過敏的小朋友更是需要被關注。在一篇回顧型的研究中指出，全球各國的孩童氣喘盛行率是逐年在上升的，其中也包括台灣在內。本次研究地點高雄市所在的高屏地區空氣品質為全台灣最不佳的，然而卻尚未有研究針對高雄地區之家戶室內空氣汙染情形與市民的健康做更深入的探討。 本研究始自2010年4月6日至2010年10月12日止，分別從高雄市三個不同地區 (分別代表工業、交通、背景)的國小以問卷的方式 (是否曾經醫師診斷為氣喘)找出氣喘、非氣喘孩童，依家長意願並配對孩童性別、年齡，選取氣喘、非氣喘各30間家戶進行室內空氣品質檢測。每間家戶進行室內外24小時空氣品質監測，室內監測項目包括：溫度、相對濕度、PM10、PM2.5、PM1、O3、NO2、SO2、CO、CO2；室外監測項目包括：溫度、相對濕度、PM2.5、O3、SO2、NO2、CO、CO2；室內測量儀器的放置點位於客廳或較常活動的區域，室外放置點則是靠近室內儀器放置點的陽台、窗台等。每間家戶採樣前皆需填寫一份含基本資料、家庭環境資料和孩童健康情況資料的問卷，以及一份24小時客廳活動記錄表及孩童症狀表；每間參與採樣的家戶孩童，於採樣第一天及第二天時，皆會進行肺功能的量測，依其量測參數判斷家戶孩童肺功能是否異常。此外，為了解當孩童有類似於床上彈跳的行為時，空氣中懸浮微粒 （PM10, PM2.5, PM1）所產生的變化及分佈情況，藉此研究機會，於採樣家戶中進行孩童床舖之拍床、舖床實驗。 本研究結果發現，比較環保署所提供的室內空品建議值，家戶汙染物不合格率約在13%~38%之間；而根據複迴歸模式篩選結果，對孩童肺功能影響最大的汙染物是二氧化硫，其次是一氧化碳與臭氧。觀察家戶煮飯、開窗活動的影響發現，煮飯會使室內二氧化碳、二氧化氮、PM2.5濃度上升，使室內一氧化碳略微下降；開窗則可能使室內NO2、PM1、PM2.5、PM10等汙染物濃度上升。另外，以目前家戶模擬跳床的實驗結果顯示，類似跳床的行為將導致空氣中細懸浮微粒 (PM1)濃度急劇上升，中位數達平常濃度的6倍，對於呼吸道敏感或已有呼吸道疾病的孩童，更需多加留意是否有此類行為。
並列摘要
Recently, asthma is common disease among children in the world. Children are recognised as particularly sensitive population to air pollution, since their lung structure and immune system is not fully developed. However, most children spend their time indoors. Indoor air pollution is a complex mixture of pollutants transporting indoors from ambient air and pollutants generated by unique sources inside the home. Most of the epidemiological estudies used outdoor concentrations as a surrogate for human exposure. A number of studies have shown that indoor air pollution concentrations can greatly exceed outdoor air concentrations. In this study, we measured children’s lung function and indoor air quality of 60 homes by direct-reading instruments for 24hr in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Parents reported a 24-hr actively record, such as cleaning, cooking, open windows etc. From out results, we found that indoor air pollutants in asthma children’s houses were greater than those in houses of children without asthma. Multiple regression for the correlation between children’s lung function and indoor air pollutants concentrations showed that SO2, O3, CO were significantly negative correlated to children’s lung function. We also found that the concentration of CO2, NO2, PM2.5 during cooking time was significantly higher than those non-cooking time. When the time of windows-opened, NO2, PM1, PM2.5, PM10 were significantly higher than those when windows did not open. In Taiwan, outdoor air quality in Kaohsiung City is not so good. According to our study, opening windows may increase NO2, PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 . Multiple regression analysis showed that SO2 is the most pollutant contributing to the reduce of children’s lung function.