Cardiotoxin III (CTX III)、N′-(11H-indolo[3,2-c] quinolin-6-yl)-N,N-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine (IQDMA)和Naphtho[1,2-b]furan-4,5-dione (NFD)毒殺機制之研究

Cytotoxic mechanisms of Cardiotoxin III (CTX III)、N′-(11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinolin-6-yl)-N,N-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine (IQDMA) and Naphtho[1,2-b]furan-4,5-dione (NFD)

簡啟民(Ching-Ming Chien)

指導教授 ： 林信仁

高雄醫學大學/生命科學院/醫藥暨應用化學研究所/博士(2010年)

https://doi.org/10.6832/KMU.2010.00028

摘要

細胞凋亡是正常細胞維持衡定的重要機轉；細胞凋亡依路徑的不同，又分為死亡受體路徑、粒線體路徑、內質網壓力路徑。 本篇所使用的CTX III、IQDMA、NFD三類型化合物皆發現能經由調控Bcl-2家族而走向粒線體相關的凋亡路徑，促使粒線體膜電位降低、釋出cytochrome c與caspase-9和caspase-3的活化最終使細胞走向凋亡。 此外，也發現CTX III能具有誘發內質網壓力造成鈣離子釋出，使calpain和caspase-12活化而使細胞走內質網相關的凋亡路徑。

在細胞週期抑制方面；細胞週期可分為G0/G1、S、G2/M期。細胞週期分別受到不同的cyclins和cyclins-dependent kinase (CDK)所調控。本篇所使用的CTX III藉由降低細胞週期調控蛋白cyclin A、cyclin B、CDK1的蛋白表現造成S期停滯。

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)與細胞生長、分化、發育及細胞死亡皆有關聯。MAPK家族分為Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)、c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)和p38三大類。本篇所使用的CTX III是經由JNK去調控細胞凋亡。

Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs)訊息傳遞途徑引導人體內許多重要的生理程序，不僅在細胞的存活、生長以及分化中扮演很重要的角色。本篇所使用的CTX III能抑制STAT3和STAT5的磷酸化；IQDMA則表現出減少STAT5的磷酸化，調控其下游表現並抑制細胞生長情形。

Tyrosine kinase分成受體式(receptor tyrosine kinase，如EGFR)和非受體式(non-receptor tyrosine kinase，如Src)扮演著調控細胞增殖、分化、生長和癌化的重要角色。本論文中CTX III先抑制Src再去調節EGFR(Y845)的活性，進而使細胞停滯在S期。 而IQDMA能降低Src了磷酸化，進而抑制STAT5的活性，造成誘導細胞凋亡。 NFD部分則是抑制EGFR的磷酸化使其調控下游的PI3K/Akt路徑，而使細胞走向凋亡。

本論文中，主要針對三種不同類型的試劑作細胞凋亡和細胞週期停滯探討，包含了凋亡現象和訊息傳遞路徑的影響，藉由此機制探討以作為藥物研發的依據。

關鍵字

心臟毒素III ； 細胞凋亡 ； 表皮生長因子

並列摘要

Apoptosis plays an important role in the regulation of cellular activities in eukaryotes. Three predominant apoptotic pathways are the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathway, the death receptor-induced extrinsic pathway and apoptotic signalling evoked by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Three type of compounds (CTX III, IQDMA and NFD)-induced apoptotic cell death accompanied by regulation of Bcl-2 family, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c and caspase-9, -3 activation. In addition, CTX III induced ER stress, release of Ca2+ ion, activation of calpain and caspase-12. Finally, cell death caused by both mtiochridal and ER stress dependent apoptosis.

Cell cycle control is the major regulatory mechanism of cell growth. Many cytotoxic agents and/or DNA damaging agents arrest the cell cycle at the G1, S or G2/M phase and then induce apoptotic cell death. CTX III resulted in S phase arrest in the cell cycle progression, which was associated with a marked decrease expressions of cyclin A, cyclin B1, and CDK 1.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) members have been identified as an important signaling in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation. The activation of JNK played an important role in CTX III induced apoptosis.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins have been shown to have a major role in survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune evasion of tumors. Inhibitions of phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5 with CTX III treatment and of STAT5 with IQDMA treatment regulated the downstream effects and linked to anti-proliferation.

Tyrosine kinases, classified into receptor tyrosine kinases and non receptor kinases, play important role in regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and carcinogenesis. CTX III inhibited phosphorylation of Src and then phosphorylation of EGFR at Y845 site, subsequently, cell cycle arrested at S phase. IQDMA abolished Src and STAT5 activation, later induced apoptosis. NFD treatment inactivated EGFR and PI3K/Akt pathway, leading to apoptotic death.

Collectively, the study used three types of compounds for apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. These results provide the impetus for developing new therapeutic strategies in which synthetic compounds.

並列關鍵字

CTX III ； IQDMA ； NFD ； Apoptosis ； EGFR

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