- 學位論文
高雄市空氣污染物與國小學童呼吸道症狀之相關性評估
The Association of Air Pollutants with Schoolchildren’s Respiratory Symptoms in Kaohsiung
摘要
摘要 近年來有許多研究證實空氣汙染物會使孩童氣喘惡化，又高雄市所在的高屏地區之空氣品質雖然近年來已有改善但仍為全台灣空氣品質較差的地區，孩童一般被認為是易感受族群，因為孩童花較多的時間在戶外活動且他們的呼吸區較靠近地板，因而可能會使孩童的暴露於空氣汙染的機會較多。 研究目的為評估空氣汙染物是否會造成高雄市不同健康狀態之國小學童以及不同地區之國小學童的上呼吸道症狀、感冒相關症狀、咳嗽、哮鳴、呼吸急促。 本研究共有755位國小學童，參考、工業、交通國小分別為461、142、152人次，空氣汙染物CO、NO、NO2、SO2、O3、PM10、PM2.5-10、PM2.5、溫度與濕度資料取自於距離學校330公尺以內的行政院環境保護署空氣品質監測站，並使用SAS 9.3版之廣義估計方程式(Generalized Estimating Equations, GEE)來評估空氣汙染物與學童之上呼吸道症狀、感冒相關症狀、咳嗽、喘鳴、呼吸急促之間的關係。 本研究結果顯示交通、工業測站的汙染物濃度高於參考測站，而參考測站主要的汙染源為次級汙染源，而交通汙染物CO、NO2的濃度以交通測站為最高。而在不同健康族群中，敏感族群(患有氣喘且患有過敏) 之下呼吸道症狀較易受汙染物影響，其次為過敏族群。在不同學校中，交通來源之氣狀空氣汙染物CO、NO、NO2、SO2為交通國小學童呼吸道症狀之主要的危險因子，其中又以CO、NO2影響較為嚴重，且PM10、PM2.5、PM2.5-10為交通國小學童咳嗽、哮鳴、呼吸急促之危險因子，在工業國小中，氣狀、粒狀汙染物皆為該校學童之症狀的危險因子，此外空氣汙染物對於參考國小學童症狀較不影響，惟氣狀與粒狀汙染物主要影響輕微哮鳴，但風險估計值較小。 空氣汙染物CO、NO、NO2、SO2、O3、PM10、PM2.5、PM2.5-10皆會引發高雄市學童上呼吸道症狀、感冒相關症狀、咳嗽、哮鳴、呼吸急促，且於在不同健康狀態的學童與不同學校之學童的健康效應有些微的不同。
並列摘要
Abstract Many studies have reported that increases in ambient air pollution are associ¬ated with adverse asthma outcomes in children. And the air ambient quality in Kaohsiung is the worst in Taiwan although it have been better in these years. Children are susceptible because they spend more time outdoors and their physical activity outdoors and their breathing zone was closer to the ground might increase their exposure to ambient air pollutants as compared to adults. Our study was designed to evaluate whether air pollutants have different effects on upper respiratory symptoms, cold-related, cough, wheeze, shortness of breath among different status of health and schoolchildren. We conducted a study in school-based sample of 755 children in Kaohsiung. And reference school, industry school, traffic school had 461, 142, 152 children participated in our study from April 2010 to June 2011. The ambient air pollution including five gases pollutants (CO, NO, NO2, SO2, O3), three sizes of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5-10, PM2.5), temperate and relative humidity were measured by the area monitoring stations which were nearest to these schools within 330m. We estimate the association between air pollutants and schoolchildren's symptoms by using generalized estimating equations (GEE) in SAS 9.3 version. The results of this study show the concentrations of traffic, industry station are higher than the reference station, and the main sources of reference station is secondary sources, and the traffic pollutants, CO and NO2, was highest in traffic station. Sensitive group (children who with asthma and allergy) are sensitive to air pollutants, followed by allergy group. In different school models, traffic sources of gaseous pollutants, CO, NO, NO2and SO2, are mainly risk factors for symptoms for traffic schoolchildren. Also the effect of CO, NO2 are the height. Besides PM10, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 in traffic school are risk factors for cough, wheeze and shortness of breath. Both of gaseous and particulate pollutants are risk factors for symptoms in the industry school. In addition, the reference school children the symptoms are mostly not affected, but the main impact of gaseous and particulate pollutants with slightly wheeze, but for smaller risk what we estimated. In our study, air pollution have adverse health effect on children’s respiratory, especially in cough, wheeze and shortness of breath in Kaohsiung but the effects are little different among the sensitive group and schoolchildren form different schools.