男監中女性工作人員之職場處境

男監戒護區的特殊之處是監禁「男性犯人」以及性別區隔的結構配置。透過媒體的建構，監獄通常予人黑暗、危險的印象。因此當女性進入此男性為中心、男性支配的職場時會產生何種性別問題，是本論文研究的核心。本文援用Joan Acker「性別化的組織」理論，從結構、文化、主體行動三個層次來探討男監組織中的性別化現象及戒護區中女性工作者的職場處境。採行質性研究法，訪談一共20位女性工作者、男性管理者及收容人，同時配合長時間的參與觀察，所得結果歸納如下：在結構層次，監獄之所以成為性別區隔的職場，主要與國家考試及性別意識型態交互影響有關。兩性工作平等法雖已施行，但司法人員三等監獄官及四等監獄管理員考試在錄取及分發上的性別限定，至今未被撼動。且男監中較具權力、陽剛的職務，原則上仍由男性來擔任。在文化層次，我們發現組織建構了一些關於女性弱勢的說法，例如：女性易受侵害須被保護的花瓶說、女性較適合輔導工作，而且強調戒護管理工作須接觸男性裸露的身體過程，女性不宜等說法除了建構了女性弱勢之外，也強化了監獄屬於男性職場的印象。在互動層次，監獄階層體系的性別化具體展現在，組織的權力、權威不對等地佈署在男人、女人以及不同男人之間。女性雖然進入組織擔任中階職務，卻不見得能得到相應的權威。在主體層次，我們發現除了廁所空間的性別盲使得女性不便外，無論女性在身體政治的凝視、衣著層次，或工作層面的經驗皆與安全議題有關。但與獄方主流的女性弱勢看法不同的是，女性對安危認知呈現雖亦二元，但多數女性透過經驗，累積出認為犯人並不危險的看法，並且認為即便具危險性，男性與女性皆承擔同樣的風險。從以上研究顯示，在重視陽剛、戒護安全的職場，從事輔導、護理此類具陰柔特質工作的女性容易被忽略。同時這份研究亦揭示女性在面對陽剛組織的種種困境時，如何展現多元的經驗與能動性。

關鍵字

性別化的組織；監獄；陽剛特質；身體；空間

並列摘要

The special characteristics of security zone in male prison are imprisoning “male inmates” and sex segregation in organization. The culture representations of prison from media are usually “dark” and “violent”. Thus, the gendered issues, as women enter the male dominated and male centered work place, are the core of this study. This study adopts Joan Acker’s theory of “gendered organization”, and discusses gender issues of female workers’ plight in male prison from aspects of structure, culture, and agency. The research is a qualitative one which is combined with long time participant observation and in-depth interviews. It has interviewed female workers, male officers, and male inmates, all together 20 informants. The results of this study are as follows: Structurally speaking, the effects of national examination and gender ideology made the prisons a sex segregated workplace. Although Gender Equality in Employment Act has already been executed, the restrictions of the recruitment in the examinations of juridical staffs have not been challenged. The most powerful and masculine jobs still mainly done by men. In the aspect of culture, some popular discourses in the male prison have contributed to the construction of women’s inferiority. For example, women need to be protected as they are subjected to harm; women are like ornaments; women are more suitable for consultation. In addition, it also is stressed that it is not suitable for women to carry out security work which needs to directly contact naked male bodies. Those discourses not only construct women’s inferiorities, but also reinforce the image that prison is a men’s world. At the level of personal interaction, the gendered hierarchy of prison presented the asymmetrical power and authority between female and male staffs. Even though those women hold the middle position in prison hierarchy, they can not get the same authority as the males. We found the lavatory in male prison is an unfriendly environment for women. For women workers, the male gaze, clothes they wear and their work experience are all related to security. Though their opinions on security could be conflicting, in general they feel more confident that the inmates are not dangerous which is accumulated from their experiences. Moreover, most female staffs think that danger is not only for women but also for men. My research shows that in a work place like prison which emphasizes on masculinity and security, those women who take on feminine work such as consolers or nurses are often neglected. My research demonstrates diverse women’s experiences and the agency in coping with all the difficulties at a masculine workplace.