高中生的捐血知識、態度、理由及動機對捐血行為影響之探討-以高高屏地區高中（職）生為例

背景高雄捐血中心自成立以來，供應轄區內約300間醫療院所之血液需求，捐血人次為311,133，國民捐血率為8.31%；而以96年為例，17-20歲捐血人數為49,992人，佔總捐血人數的16.06%，而其中有約有26%為學生族群。為使血液的捐入不虞匱乏，以確保血液品質及避免血液短缺情況發生，有必要瞭解高中(職)生(17-20歲)捐血的動機、理由及看法，進而提供捐血中心完整的資訊，以作為改善企劃宣導作業及流程之依據，呈現更完善的服務。高中生是否願意捐血在於個人意願，個人的捐血動機會直接影響其捐血行為，而學生的年齡、性別、公(私)立學校、家長經濟背景、家庭背景等人口學特質亦會與捐血的動機息息相關。目的一、比較高中(職)生個人基本屬性在捐血動機上之差異二、探討高中(職)生捐血知識、態度、理由對捐血動機之影響三、探討高中(職)生的捐血動機與捐血行為之關係四、探討高中(職)生個人基本屬性、知識、態度、理由是否會透過捐血動機對捐血行為產生影響方法本研究屬於橫斷性研究，採問卷調查法，選取高高屏地區各大公、私立高中(職)生為研究對象，並分為捐血組與未捐血組，來收集高中(職)生捐血行為的資料，研究的總受試人數為2,587位。捐血組為第一次捐血或曾經捐過血的學生，未捐血組則從未捐過血的學生。問卷內容包含六大構面：捐血的自我期望、影響捐血的意願、捐血的理由及看法，捐血後的預期後果、捐血的知識及捐血的態度，問卷經過專家效度、信度分析後，最後再以SPSS 15.0版分析。結果在高中(職)生期望動機方面，相對重要之預測因子依序為：捐血態度（Bata=0.47）、捐血次數（Bata=0.08），模式校正後解釋力為23.5％，其影響力捐血態度大於捐血次數。而高中(職)生增強動機方面，相對重要之預測因子依序為：捐血態度（Bata=0.43）、捐血理由（Bata=0.18）、宗教信仰（Bata=0.07），模式校正後解釋力為25.8％，其影響力捐血態度大於捐血理由再大於宗教信仰。而在預測高中(職)生捐血行為方面，就讀學制:綜合高中是普通高中的2.69倍（95％CI，1.5-4.0）、高職是普通高中的1.57倍（95％CI，1.3-2.0）；性別:女性是男性的0.41倍（95％CI，0.3-0.5）；就讀年級:一年級是三年級的0.39倍（95％CI，0.1-1.1）、二年級是三年級的0.31倍（95％CI，0.2-0.4）；家庭平均月收入:8-10萬是2萬以下的2.3倍（95％CI，1.3-4.2）、10萬以上是2萬以下的2.3倍（95％CI，1.1-4.6）；捐血理由每增加1分會增加0.07倍（95％CI，0.9-0.9）的捐血行為；捐血知識每增加1分會增加0.41倍（95％CI，1.0-1.1）的捐血行為；捐血態度每增加1分會增加0.02倍（95％CI，1.0-1.0）的捐血行為、捐血理由＊動機每增加1分會增加0.001倍（95％CI，1.0-1.0）的捐血行為、宗教(基督教+天主教)＊動機比其他宗教＊動機每增加1分會增加0.004倍（95％CI，1.0-1.0）的捐血行為，為預測捐血行為之顯著預測因子（p＜0.05），因此結果顯示在這些預測因子中發現，捐血態度越高則捐血動機就會越高。結論與建議在影響期望動機中，高中(職)生在個人基本資料中的捐血次數上可能會影響高中(職)生期望動機，反而是高中(職)生期望動機越高，其捐血態度也會越好。在影響增強動機中，高中(職)生在個人基本資料上除宗教信仰均不會影響高中(職)生增強動機，反而是利己態度、影響捐血的理由、利他態度為增強動機相對重要預測因子。且高中(職)生增強動機越高，其捐血利己態度、影響捐血的理由、利他態度也會越好。在捐血動機對捐血行為的影響下，高中(職)生在個人基本資料上部份會影響高中(職)生捐血行為，並且在交互作用下也會影響捐血行為，尤其在捐血知識的部分每增加一分，高中(職)生捐血行為會增加41.3％。因此管理者建立更明確之願景及方向；給予適當的衛教、行銷及激勵；並且不單只針對高中(職)生，家長的正確衛教也很重要；加強與高中(職)生之溝通，才能提供捐血中心之績效，並達到提供病人供需平衡之血液。

關鍵字

捐血動機；知識及態度；捐血理由及看法；期望與增強動機

並列摘要

Background Since the establishment of the Kaohsiung blood center, it supplies the blood demands of about 300 medical institutes in its jurisdiction area and owns 311,133 blood donators with the blood donation rate of 8.3%. For example, in 2007, the amount of donators from age 17 to 20 is 49,992, 16.1% of the entire donators, and about 26% of them are students. In order to fulfill the blood demand, ensure the quality of blood, and prevent the blood shortage, it is indeed to understand the motives, reasons, and viewpoints of junior donators, from age 17 to 20. After this, the full information can be provided to the blood center as the basis of improving the operation and procedure of plan advocating to present better services. Whether the high school student would like to donate blood is based on the personal will, which will directly influence the behaviors of donating blood. Besides, the demographic characteristics such as the age, the gender, the schools, public schools or private schools, the economic background of parents and the family background, are also related to the motive of donating blood. Objectives 1. To compare the difference of personal basic attributes of high school students on the motives of donating blood. 2. To probe into the influences of the knowledge, the attitude and the reasons on the motives of donating blood of high school students. 3. To probe into the connection between the motives and the behaviors of blood donation of high school students. 4. To probe into whether or not the personal basic attributes, knowledge, the attitudes, the reasons of high school students can affect the behaviors of blood donation through the motives of blood donation. Methods This research is processed by the method of transecting studies, and the questionnaire survey is also introduced to collect the data of the behaviors of blood donation from both public and private high schools in Kaohsiung and Pingtung. 2,587 students are divided into two groups, the donation group and the non-donation one. The members of the former group are students who have experienced the blood donation and the students of later one haven’t. Six aspects are assessed in the content of the questionnaire which includes the self-expectation of blood donation, the factors which affect the will of blood donation, the reasons and viewpoints of blood donation, the expected consequences of blood donation, and the knowledge and attitudes of blood donation. The questionnaire is analyzed by SPSS ver. 15.0 after reliability and validity analysis by experts. Results In terms of the expected motives of high school students, the relative important predictors are as following: The attitude of blood donation (Bata=0.47), the times of blood donation (Bata=0.08). The explanatory power after the mode is adjusted is 23.5% and the influences of the attitude of blood donation are bigger than the times of blood donation. Regarding to the enhanced motive of high school students, the relative important predictors are as following: The attitude of blood donation (Bata=0.43), the times of blood donation (Bata=0.18), and the religion (Bata=0.07). The explanatory power after the mode is adjusted is 25.8% and the influences of the attitudes of blood donation are bigger than the reasons of it. Besides, the influence of religion is the smallest. As for the prediction of blood donation behavior of high school students, the systems distribution of schools of the subjects is as followed: The comprehension high schools are 2.69 times more than ordinary high schools (95% CI, 1.5-4.0), the vocational high schools are 1.57 times more than ordinary high schools (95% CI, 1.3-2.0). In terms of the gender, girls are 0.41 times more than boys (95% CI, 0.3-0.5). Regarding to the grade, 1st graders are 0.39 times more than the 3rd graders (95% CI, 0.1-1.1), 2nd graders are 0.31 times more than 3rd graders (95% CI, 0.2-0.4). For the family average income, families which earn 80,000 to 100,000 are 2.3 times more than families which earn less than 20,000 (95% CI, 1.3-4.2), families which earn over 100,000 are 2.3 times than families which earn less than 20,000 (95% CI, 1.1-4.6). For the reasons of blood donation, while the reasons of blood donation increase one point, the behaviors of blood donation increase 0.07 times (95% CI, 0.9-0.9). For the knowledge of blood donation, while the knowledge of blood donation increases one point, the behaviors of blood donation increase 0.41 times (95% CI, 1.0-1.1). For the attitudes of blood donation, while the attitudes of blood donation increase one point, the behaviors of blood donation increase 0.02 times (95% CI, 1.0-1.0). For the reasons * motives of blood donation, while the reasons * motives of blood donation increase one point, the behaviors of blood donation increase 0.001 times (95% CI, 1.0-1.0). For the religion (Christian + Catholic) * motives of blood donation, while the religion (Christian + Catholic) * motives of blood donation increase one point, the behaviors of blood donation increase 0.004 times (95% CI, 1.0-1.0), which is the significant predictor of the prediction of blood donation behaviors (p<0.05). Thus, the result, indicating in these predictors, shows that if the attitudes of blood donation are higher, the motives become higher. Conclusion and suggestion In the factor that influences the motive of expectation, the times of blood donation in the personal attributes may affect the expected motive. However, the more the experiences the students have, the higher the expected motive occurs and the better attitudes they present. In the influence of enhancing motives, except the religion situation, other attributes don’t affect the motive while the selfish attitudes, the reasons which affect the blood donation and the altruistic attitudes are the important predictors of enhancing motives. Besides, if the enhancing motives are high, their selfish attitude, the effective reasons, and the altruistic attitudes will also become better. In the influence of the motive of blood donation on the behavior, partial of the personal attributes and the interaction will also affect the behavior of blood donation, especially in the part of the knowledge of blood donation. While their knowledge increases, the percentage of donation behavior will raise by 41.3%. Thus, the administrator should make the vision and direction concreter; provide proper education, marketing and encouragement to not only students but also their parents; enhance the communication with high school students to improve the performance of the blood center and balance the blood demand and supply of patients.