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  • 學位論文

利用多層切電腦斷層探討個人特質、生活型態、個人疾病史與冠狀動脈鈣化之相關性研究

Correlations Between Personal Characteristics, Lifestyles, Personal Disease History and Coronary Artery Calcium Scores Evaluated by MDCT

指導教授 : 許弘毅
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摘要


目的: 許多研究結果顯示,目前已被證實的冠狀動脈心臟病(coronary heart disease;CHD;簡稱冠心病)危險因子與冠狀動脈鈣化量具顯著相關。本研究目的以多層切電腦斷層掃描儀(multidetector computed tomography;MDCT)評估國人冠狀動脈鈣化(coronary artery calcification,CAC)情形,予以量化成冠狀動脈鈣化指數(coronary artery calcium scores;CACs),並探討國人CACs與個人特質(personal characteristic)、生活型態(life style)、及個人疾病史(personal disease history)的相關性,藉以提早預測心血管疾病;此外,希望藉由本研究得知影響CACs的相關危險因子,提供預防醫學參考,降低因冠心病猝死機率,建立國人預防冠狀動脈心臟病之健康行為模式。 研究方法: 以自費健檢民眾為採樣對象,自2007年元月至2008年12月共收集94位;其中男性52位,女性42位,平均年齡52.5±8.08歲。每位參與者皆接受身體質量指數(BMI)測量及64切MDCT/CACs檢查,利用64切MDCT執行檢查後所得數據資料,再以HeartBeat CS軟體,將鈣化程度量化,並以Agatston 指數暨冠狀動脈鈣化指數(CACs)表示。問卷資料包含人口學資料如年齡、性別、家庭年收入、婚姻狀況、教育程度等個人特質、生活型態(含是否抽煙、嚼檳榔、喝酒、熬夜工作及每週運動(>30分鐘/次)之頻率等)及個人病史(含是否有高血脂症(Hyperlipidemia)、週邊或心血管疾病(Peripheral or cardiovascular disease, PCVD)、高血壓(Hypertension)、糖尿病(Diabetes mallitis, DM)、腦中風(Cerebral vascular accident, CVA)及腸胃道疾病(Gastrointestinal disease, GI disease)等)等資訊。CACs分成組別一、無鈣化暨CAC = 0(CACS 0)及組別二、有鈣化暨CAC scores >0(CACS 1),探討有無鈣化族群與影響因子間的關係,最後將收集之結果使用SPSS12.0 for windows 中文版進行描述性統計、推論性統計、對數回歸分析,檢定是否相關。 研究結果: II 本研究參與者年齡由31至74歲,身體質量指數(BMI)分布由18.2至33.4 kg/㎡,平均24.7 kg/㎡。所有參與者中,冠狀動脈有鈣化現象為31人(33%),CACs分布自0至1952平均57.8± 24.2。 由參與者個人特質如年齡、BMI、性別、教育程度、家庭收入及婚姻狀況為基礎的單一變數分析得知:CACs與年齡呈顯著序位正相關(r=0.301; p=0.003),暨年齡越大CACs也越高。由性別的單一變數分析亦得知,男性比女性有較高的CACs, (男>女,p=0.001)。其餘由參與者不同BMI、不同教育程度、不同家庭年收入及參與者婚姻狀態的單一變數分析得知與CACs無統計上差異。 在生活型態方面:每週運動之頻率>2次比每週運動之頻率≦2次,有較高的CACs,且有顯著差異(運動>30分鐘每週>兩次,是/否;平均值±標準誤:98.0±43.7/5.30±3.49;p= 0.004),其餘如參與者抽煙與否、嚼檳榔與否、喝酒與否、熬夜工作與否統計結果則與CACs無統計上相關。此外,在個人疾病史方面:有高血脂症病史的參與者比無高血脂症病史的參與者(高血脂症,是/否;平均值±標準誤:242±157/28.2±10.8;p=0.001);有高血壓病史參與者比無高血壓參與者(高血壓,是/否;平均值±標準誤:174±88.6/18.1±8.34;p =0.016)及有週邊或心血管疾病病史參與者比無週邊或心血管疾病參與者(週邊或心血管疾病,是/否;平均值±標準誤:261±110/38.9±23.6;p <0.001),均有較高的CACs,統計結果有顯著差異。其餘參與者是否有糖尿病、腦中風或腸胃道疾病統計結果則與CACs無統計上相關。 探討CACS0 (CACs=0)與CACS1(CACs>0)兩大族群與以上各危險因子的關係,由對數迴歸(logistic regression)的分析結果得知:男性參與者出現CACS1的OR為出現CACS0 的3.94倍(OR=3.94, 95% CI 1.40, 11.1);每週運動之頻率>2次的參與者出現CACS1的OR為出現CACS0 的5.19倍(OR=5.19, 95% CI : 1.73, 15.6);分別校正年齡(OR= 3.67; 95% CI: 1.16, 11.6)、性別(OR= 5.09, 95% CI: 1.61, 16.1)後,及進一步校正性別與年齡後,均具顯著差異(OR=3.70, 95% CI:1.10,12.4)。其次,參與者是否抽煙、嚼檳榔、喝酒及熬夜工作等生活型態對CACS1與CACS0的影響並未達統計學上差異。此外,由對數迴歸分析得知有高血脂症病史的參與者出現CACS1的OR為CACS0的5.68倍(OR=5.68, 95% CI:1.59, 20.3),分別校正年齡(OR= 6.89; 95% CI: 1.77, 26.8)、性別後,OR=4.09(95% CI:1.09, 15.4);及進一步 III 校正性別與年齡後,OR=4.61倍(95% CI:1.22, 17.5),均具顯著差異。而在週邊或心血管病史方面,有週邊或心血管病史的參與者出現CACS1的OR為出現CACS0的17.1倍(OR=17.1, 95% CI:2.00, 146),分別校正年齡(OR= 14.1; 95% CI: 1.59, 125)、性別後分析,OR=10.1(95% CI:1.14, 89.4),仍具顯著差異;但進一步校正性別與年齡後,OR=8.12(95% CI:0.877, 75.2),為統計邊緣顯著意義(marginal significance)。至於高血壓病史方面,高血壓病史的參與者出現CACS1的OR為出現CACS0的2.50倍(OR=2.50, 95%CI:0.96, 6.49),為統計邊緣顯著的意義,校正性別後,OR=3.25(95% CI:1.12, 9.43),具顯著差異;但校正年齡後OR=2.10(95% CI:0.757, 5.81),進一步校正性別與年齡後,OR= 2.66(95% CI:0.865, 8.15),則無統計上差異。此外,參與者是否有糖尿病、腦中風或腸胃道疾病病史對CACS1與CACS0亦未達統計學上差異。 再者,以實施64切MDCT/CACs之損益平衡分析,假設以自有資金建置64切MDCT成本為三仟萬元新台幣,且以一般醫院分八年攤提購置成本計算,在現行健保給付(每次約給付3800元)及CACs自費檢查收費(每次檢查收費約6,000元)下,則損益平衡點(BEQ)為每年頇分別執行3,122人次(健保給付,平均每月約260人次;每日11人次)及;自費檢查收入則每年頇執行1,898人次(自費收入,平均每月約158人次;每日約7人次)。 結論和建議: 由本研究各項研究結果可得到以下結論: 一、年齡及性別為CAC的主要危險因子,年齡越高,CACs越高。男性比女性較早發生CAC且男性比女性有較高CACs,男性出現CAC的風險約為女性的3.94倍。 二、參與者每週運動之頻率>2次,比每週運動頻率≦2次參與者,有顯著較高的CACs,每週運動之頻率>2次的參與者,發生冠狀動脈鈣化的風險為運動頻率≦2次的3.70倍。 三、高血脂病史為危險因子,有高血脂病史者,有顯著較高的CACs,其發生CAC的風險約為無高血脂病史者的5.02倍。 四、分析數據顯示,在校正性別及年齡後,具週邊或心血管疾病史與CACs之相關性位於統計邊緣顯著意義,可見以上生活型態及過去疾病史也是冠狀動脈鈣化可能危險因子之一。 IV 基於以上結論,提出建議如下: 一、 提倡預防醫學,早期獲知與CAC有相關之個人疾病如高血脂症、高血壓及週邊或心血管疾病等;對於有以上疾病家族病史的個人,建議進行個人健康管理,除了養成良好生活型態,並執行定期追蹤個人血液生化檢驗,早期預防、早期介入治療,以減少冠心病或致死性心血管疾病的發生。 二、 在傳統冠心症的危險因子中,抽菸及喝酒等生活型態及糖尿病病史,在本研究數據分析結果,雖未與CAC達顯著相關,但本研究由於收集樣本數較少及侷限於單一醫院,建議進一步收集更多樣本分析研究,再做進一步結論。 三、 由本研究執行MDCT/CACs檢查經驗及建置MDCT的損益平衡分析得知,以非侵襲性檢查來診斷冠心病,除了傳統運動心電圖、心臟超音波及鉈-201心肌灌流檢查外,以MDCT來執行大量篩檢冠狀動脈鈣化及預測冠心病也是一方便、可行且安全的方式。 四、 由於CAC盛行率與種族有密切相關,建議進行多中心研究世付研究,以建立國人CAC與日後發生冠心病或致死性心血管疾病的相關資料,進一步早期預防及治療冠心症。 五、 對於與其他非侵襲性檢查相比,只有少數文獻報告MDCT/CACs檢查之成本效益,且尚未完全確立。建議國內進行進一步的研究分析來確認其成本效益,使MDCT成為非侵襲性且具成本效益的篩檢冠心症工具。

並列摘要


Purpose: Coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors were significantly associated with quantity of coronary artery calcium (CAC). The aim of this study was using the 64 slices mutidetector computed tomography (MDCT) to evaluate the associations between CACs, lifestyles, and personal disease history (PDH). Materials and Methods: There were 94 participants (male/female: 52/42; aged 31~ 74 yr, mean: 52.5±8.1 yr.) in our study between Jannuary 2007 and November 2008. Demographic information, lifestyles and personal disease history (PDH) in our subjects were obtained using a standardized medical questionnaire. All participants received 64 slices MDCT screening for determining CAC with retrospective ECG gating. CACs were calculated according to the Agatston method. CACs were divided into two groups, such as group1: CAC1(CACs>0) and group2: CAC0(CACs=0). The statistical methods of Mann-Whiney U tests and logistic regressions were employed in this study. Results: CACs in our subjects ranged from 0 to 1952 (mean 57.8± 24.2). CACs showed a positve correlation with age using the Spearman’s correlation coefficient tests (r=0.301; p=0.003). We also found a significant difference in CACs between two gender groups (m/f: p=0.001). Higher CACs in our subjects significantly correlated with the frequency of exercise(>30min/time)>2 times/week (OR= 5.19, 95% CI 1.73, 15.6), hyperlipidemia (OR= 5.68, 95%CI 1.59, 20.4) and peripheral or cardiovascular disease (PCVD) (OR= 17.1, 95%CI 2.00, 146). After the adjustment with age, there were still statistically significant in the varables of the exercise frequeny>2 times/week (OR= 3.67, 95% CI 1.16, 11.6), hyperlipidemia (OR= 4.89, 95% CI 1.77, 26.8) and PCVD (OR= 14.1, 95% CI 1.59, 125). However, high CACs significantly associated with the exercise frequeny>2 times/week (OR= 5.09 95% CI 1.61, 16.1), hyperlipidemia (OR= 4.09, 95% CI 1.09, 15.4) and VI PCVD (OR= 10.1, 95% CI 1.14, 89.4) after gender was adjusted. Furthermore, when age and gender was controlled, we only found that higher CACs had significant correlations with exercise frequeny>2 times/week (OR= 3.70, 95% CI 1.10, 12.4) and hyperlipidemia (OR= 5.02, 95% CI 1.25, 20.1). Conclusions : The CAC is a part of atherosclerotic process and could predict future the mobidity and mortality of CHD in asymptomatic and symptomatic adults. Our study revealed that gender and age are important factors for the occurrence of CAC. The older subjects had significant higher CACs than the younger ones. The males had significant higher CACs than females. The occurrence risk of CAC is 3.94 folds in male and than in female. After the analysis of CHD risk factors including lifestyles and PDH in our study, only the participants with the higer exercise frequeny and with history of hyperlipidemia had significantly higher CACs than those with less exercise frequency and without disease history. The occurrence risk of CAC in higher excerise frequency subjects had 3.7 folds higher than that in less exercise frequeny ones. We also found that subjects with hyperlipidemia had 5.02 folds of CAC risk compared to those without desease history. We concluded that not only age and gender, history of hyperlipidemia and the exercise frequeny still might be the important risk factors for the occurrence of CAC.

參考文獻


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