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  • 學位論文

17世紀法國巴洛克劇場空間與表演之權力研究

Power Interwoven into Venues and Performance of the 17th Century

指導教授 : 林國源
共同指導教授 : 林于竝

摘要


在17世紀巴洛克的劇院當中我們看到劇場中權力藉由被觀看而鞏固,然而這是靜態,在室內位階的和諧,權力最大的彰顯,因應場地,藉由陪伴看戲的貴族階級,以及中產階級,我們看到皇家廣場的演出,正屬於此類,他們在民眾的眼中,是正在上演的戲劇遠方不可抹去的背景,而演戲之前盛大的預備,讓整個城市都沉溺在大型慶典的氣氛,整個城市連同生活在裡頭的住民似乎感覺到一個彼此相通的空間,在彩車繞行當中逐漸產生,無形的劇場也充滿讓人驚訝的華麗和恢弘佈景,正裝飾著國家的形象,如同史詩一般難以接近的距離,在令人無法完全立即理解的神話架構,訴說過去絕對的光榮,距離的產生,造成偉大的美感距離。   面對權力,在官方的世界,需要冠冕堂皇面對面的扮裝,在幕間劇與廣場上的馬術遊行表演,可以看到張力極大需要調度的場面,權力在大場面下可以顯得恢弘可以顯得渺小,然而每一次的策劃演出,似乎都一再呈現世界為人所掌握的氣魄,然而除此之外,當權者的內心出口卻是藉由小型的宮廷芭蕾演出來釋放,他們想要讓生命中的事件被放大,自己日常所遇到的事情以詩意的方式以總體劇場的方式呈現出來。戲劇本身乘載許多不方便用說的符號,用演戲來模糊現實和戲劇的邊界,似乎一個虛構的世界也具有控管現實世界的力量。   而人們,生活在被禁止的世界當中,在非官方如同至外法權的節慶秩序當中,也找到內心的出口,藉由「遊行」,以步行的方式貼近象徵權力的建築,以圍繞它們的路線和大笑戲仿權力可笑的樣態,達到一種表演所得到的昇華。對於嚴肅主體的戲仿的表演隨處可見,無法被收編的狂歡化演出,最後嘉年華不知不覺成為許多消失的節日形式的容納物。神秘劇已經盛行超過一個世紀,愚人節也長達九世紀以上,禁戲的決定,1548年禁演神秘劇,再來是1552年對民間的愚人節慶典發出最後的禁令,以及當中取消民間具有褻瀆色彩的宗教節日慶典。時代的流行現象被突然中止,可見受到威脅的神話塑造機制已不得不消滅這個曾經與之相依共存的共同體。然而禁令影響所及,不是立竿見影的政策效果,而是戲劇茍延生命另尋求一變體繼續生存下去的出路。   在法國的民間,尤其是新改造的城市空間,民間和官方各自的傳統逐漸紮根,宮廷的廣場有規模龐大兼具表演和場面式演出,由義大利障礙比武表演演化而來的馬術隊伍遊行。新橋空間有江湖醫生的表演。宮廷內自幕間劇轉化為宮廷自身語言的芭蕾舞劇,江湖醫生表演,由新橋──巴黎的中心位置,往兩邊兩個位在城牆邊巴黎最大的集市場地擴散,豐富了集市的劇場,灌注了法國自身的鬧劇傳統。然而就像之前任何在民間紮根極深的劇場活動,難逃被禁的命運,在每一次的禁制背後,都有數次集市重新翻身更新的努力被看見,在某個時間點之前,他們像愚人節、嘉年華等慶典,在被禁制之後,也都再度尋求另一變體而生存,集市因應政令隨之改變演出型態,直到被剝除聲音,集市被禁止發聲,而造成戲劇表演在集市發展至極盛而至消失無影蹤。人體病理性的殘缺和瘋癲取而代替戲劇表演成為集市與集市外,成為古典主義所接納的殘缺劇場。

並列摘要


This work is concerned with how power is interwoven into the French Baroque theatre, namely in the performance and theatre venues. In the 17th century, power is not outspoken. It has to be tied in to performance context. We have seen power glorified by adopting myth in their accounting of an epic past. That is one way or another for the French court to accept the idea of letting the past to talk, instead of doing the talking themselves. In addition, the theatre construction underwent serious adjustment to reflect needs of displaying power. Outdoor and indoor power displays are used to build up the court and the nation’s image. We could see baroque theatre elements at work, while following court ballet and carrousel celebration. The second part and the final part review how 17th century public in the presence of power, specifically speaking from the church and the government, deal with its ever-presence in the expression of role-playing in religious holidays and their going to fairs at the outskirt of Paris or lingering in the quack doctors’ boothes in the newly constructed bridge, the Pont Neuf (the new bridge), for some remedies to rid off seriousness of life. However, the “theatre-goers” of that century face bans on stopping a few theatre activities or close-down of theatre venues. And they are even banned from putting on plays themeselves. Emphasis is placed on how power results into their constant struggle to put on more new plays, with or without voice, and to maintain their outlet to stay away from restrictions.

參考文獻


Bakhtin, Mikhail. M. “Epic and Novel: Toward a Methodology for the Study of the Novel.” Critical Theory Since Plato. 2nd Ed. Edited by Hazard Adams. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1992. 839-55.
Burckhardt, J. C.(布克哈特)著。何新譯。《意大利文藝復興時期的文化》。北京:商務印書館,1996。
Foucault, Michel. “Truth and Power.” Critical Theory Since Plato. 2nd Ed. Edited by Hazard Adams. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1992. 1135-45.
Andrews, Richard. Scripts and Scenarios: the Performance of Comedy in Renaissance Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Beadle, Richard. Medieval English Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994.

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