- 學位論文
杜米埃鄉村生活主題版畫與十九世紀法國田園懷想
Honore Daumier’s lithographic works of country life and the trend of pastoral nostalgia in Nineteenth Century France
摘要
十九世紀的法國在工業革命與資本主義的成長下，首都巴黎面臨人口不斷的往城市遷移與擴張，造成環境的擁擠與喧囂，而巴黎在都市化的過程中，繼而衍生出各種社會問題，是逢此時政局的動盪與革命事件頻傳的紛擾，導致城市的居民面對生活感到緊張與壓迫，身處在混亂都市中，對於平靜安穩的鄉村生活產生一種嚮往，形成一股田園懷想的風潮，走入自然與投入鄉村生活成為此時躲避都市喧囂的最佳方式。 此時關於田園懷想風潮的體現，在文學方面從田園文學到旅遊記述，對於鄉村生活樸實無憂的美好敘述以及對於自然美景的頌詠，呈現對於鄉村生活的渴望。而在藝術的表現上，風景繪畫的興盛發展與旅遊導覽版畫的大量發行，促使風景圖像成為一種大量製造與消費的商品，展現出城市居民對於自然的嚮往並引領著他們按圖索驥的探訪，親近鄉野與鄉間生活的體驗成為十九世紀巴黎人渴求的目標。對於自然的追求更擴及至城市內公園的規劃與透視畫館(diorama)的成立，將自然的景緻引至都市之中。各種現象皆說明了此股對於田園懷想所展現的狂熱。 然而，在此股強調鄉村生活的美好風潮中，杜米埃卻一反時代對於此美好的讚頌，強調巴黎的中產階級投入鄉村行為所展現的衝突與落差，在其以鄉村生活為主題的版畫中，描繪了當時中產階級置身鄉村的各種階段性過程與現象，從賞景郊遊到鄉村的置產定居，所關注的是中產階級在此田園風潮下的複雜情緒，透過圖像的描繪，表述中產階級面對現實與期望之間的落差，藉以諷刺對於此種理想概念的批判，並在作品中不斷透露出中產階級面對鄉村生活所產生的不適應與危難。本論文是以透過杜米埃以鄉村生活為主題的版畫來分析探討其與十九世紀法國田園懷想風潮之間的連結關係，進而了解杜米埃以圖像所欲傳達的概念具有何種意義。
並列摘要
Paris in the Nineteenth Century saw the burgeoning immigrant population brought by the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of capitalism. Consequently, the capital became overcrowded and boisterous, while various social problems arose in the process of urbanization. Urban dwellers, troubled by political upheavals and commotions of the Revolution, yearned for an escape from the suffocating and chaotic city life. As a result, a trend of pastoral nostalgia emerged and residing in the countryside was seen as the most ideal way of eluding the hustle and bustle of the city. This trend of pastoral nostalgia was demonstrated in the description of idyllic country life and admiration for natural beauty in a variety of literary forms ranging from pastoral literature to travel writing. In the artistic field, pastoral images became a mass product owing to the thriving demand of landscape paintings and immense production of travel prints. These products of pastoral images not only revealed city dwellers’ desire to embrace the nature, but also served as a practical guide for their visits to the countryside. Since country life was a dream for Nineteenth Century Parisians, the capital’s scenery was therefore adorned with natural features by means of establishing parks and dioramas. Against the overwhelming wave of pastoral nostalgia, Honore Daumier placed great emphasis on the conflict and contradiction between the Parisian middle class and the country life they craved. Daumier’s lithographic works depicted the transitions and phenomena of the Parisians’ dwelling in the countryside. However, the subject matters, from traveling to dwelling, portrayed the complicated feelings of those Parisians in the pastoral craze. While the images revealed the gap between reality and expectation, the hypocrisy of the middle class was constantly shown through the illustration of their inadaptability and crises. This essay aims to discuss the connection between Daumier’s lithographic works of country life and the trend of pastoral nostalgia in Nineteenth Century France, and then makes a further attempt to analyze the messages carried in Daumier’s pastoral images.