本論文主要在研究北曲【貨郎兒】在音樂中的特徵與作用。按【貨郎兒】這支曲牌在北曲中極為特殊,不但格式複雜多變,並常常在藝術實踐上結合各種牌調,形成北曲中絕無僅有的所謂「犯調」--【轉調貨郎兒】。這種【轉調貨郎兒】有時互相進一步結合成更為龐大的【三轉調貨郎兒】及【九轉貨郎兒】。後者在現存崑曲《長生殿•彈詞》一折中大放異彩而名聞遐邇,因而研究者頗眾。 各方的研究雖各有側重,但集中在曲體與格律方面的著作卻屬鳳毛麟角:曲學大師吳梅經驗獨到,但考訂僅限於【九轉貨郎兒】的局部;鄭騫先生學風嚴謹,但論述焦點集中在文詞,音樂在戲曲中的作用並未深究。台灣兩本涉及【貨郎兒】的碩士論文或資料不足,或論述不夠周延,使得這支曲牌的神秘面紗尚未揭開,真相仍陷五里霧中。 本論文以【貨郎兒】的名稱釋義為始,先界定研究範圍,接著將曲牌【貨郎兒】視為一整個家族來觀察,底下細分為【貨郎兒】本調、單用的【轉調貨郎兒】和聯用【轉調貨郎兒】,後者可進一步再劃分為【三轉貨郎兒】和【九轉貨郎兒】。 文獻的整理,讓我們發現曲本、曲譜的散佚遠比想像嚴重得多,而詳盡記錄演唱實況的工尺譜則幾乎付之闕如--《九宮大成南北詞宮譜》是最接近元代的樂譜,它的記載遂成為筆者在研究【貨郎兒】曲牌音樂時最主要的依據。 針對【貨郎兒】本調在衍化成【轉調貨郎兒】時的「犯調現象」,筆者認為有必要對【貨郎兒】本調及這些所謂的「犯調曲牌」,先行予以個別的音樂分析,俟掌握住它們的曲調特徵後,再來觀察其在組合成更大形式的音樂單位時,古代藝人們「以此貫彼」,整合各牌調的藝術手法。 於是具體的章節流程如下: 第一章作為序章,綜覽整個論文架構。首先敘述【貨郎兒】這支曲牌的源流與遞嬗,並釐清其家族中各種【貨郎兒】的關係;繼而重建各種【貨郎兒】在古代曲譜、曲選中的殘存;接著介紹、評述先人、前輩就這一課題以各種角度切入的研究著作 然後從第二章開始,逐漸進入北曲【貨郎兒】音樂的核心。筆者從《九宮大成》中找出二十二種「犯調曲牌」的所有曲目,然後加以編目、分析,並明其音樂格律。 接下來的第三章,將焦點拉回【貨郎兒】家族。筆者從【貨郎兒】本調、單用的【轉調貨郎兒】和【九轉貨郎兒】中,歸納出一些【轉調貨郎兒】的具體作曲技術,包括犯調曲牌的插入時機及這些曲牌「聲相鄰」的特性;犯調曲牌比較明確的幾首【轉調貨郎兒】,在文中也進一步觀察它們的銜接方法。 第四章,是眾曲家論點交鋒的戰場,名為〈【轉調貨郎兒】的考訂〉,實際上仍以【九轉貨郎兒】為重點。除評介吳梅、鄭騫兩位先生的考訂外,部份地方也提出新的看法,聊備參考。 第五章〈餘論〉,就筆者研究【貨郎兒】時所發現的一些疑問,一些常縈繞心頭的想法,整理成四個課題,計分:【轉調貨郎兒】與南曲「集曲」、【貨郎兒】的宮調問題、【貨郎兒】和北曲聯套,以及【貨郎兒】的形成,希冀能以此拋磚引玉,得到讀者的迴響。
The tune, "Huolanger," is unique in BeiChu (Northern Opera), which is not only with complicated and varied formats but combined various tunes in artistic practice and became the only tune of its kind in Northern Opera, the Zhuandiao Huolanger. Such tunes of Zhuandiao Huolanger sometimes further integrated with each other and formed the even greater Sanzhuandiao Huolanger and Jiuzhuan Huolanger. The Jiuzhuan Huolanger yields brilliant results in the first transition of storytelling poem ChangShengDian in the existing Kun Opera and attracted numerous researchers. Researches from different aspects may have various emphases but few are exquisite and well considered in every respect. Master of musical forms, Wu, Mei, was experienced and had remarkably original view, but textual criticism was overlooked. Zheng, Quian is conscientious and careful in doing academic studies but lays too much stress on inductive reasoning while ignores the position of music in operas. There are two master theses in Taiwan dealing with the topic of Huolanger. Unfortunately, either the material covered is not sufficient or the discussion is thoughtlessly, which fails to unmask the mystery of this tune and the truth remain unveiled. This thesis recounts in details different studies on Huolanger of Northern Opera by various research workers while analysis and viewpoints by the author of this tune are duly entered into the description. It is expected that this thesis will clear many doubtful points of Huolanger, Zhuandiao Huolanger, Sanzhuandiao Huolanger, and Jiuzhuan Huolanger, and lay the foundation for follow-up comprehensive studies.