- 學位論文
流動的禮物：國立故宮博物院蒐藏史的研究(1950-2012)
The Flow of Gifts : The Research of Collection History in National Palace Museum (1950-2012)
摘要
本研究透過文化人類學家牟斯(Marcel Mauss)「禮物交換」(Gift Exchange)的視野來思考博物館蒐藏史的社會實踐與文化表徵。筆者以國立故宮博物院作為研究主題，建構其來臺後的蒐藏史脈絡，包括捐贈、寄存與購藏等三大方向。在研究方法上，除了傳統的史料與文獻分析外，筆者訪談了三位人士—王秋華建築師、譚怡令女士、吳卿先生—他們本身或其先人分別在臺北故宮的寄存、捐贈和購藏史中扮演舉足輕重的角色，透過第一手的訪談可以了解代表性案例的來龍去脈藉此思考其「給予、接收與回報」禮物三要素的基本模式。訪談中，筆者以「歷史田野」的概念進行研究分析，它是一個帶著人類學命題式的文化思考，進入具有歷史背景與史學意識的半結構式訪談，其最終目的為結合史學研究與人類學概念建構博物館場域中「歷史人類學」的可能性。 主題內容部份筆者分成二大部份，第一篇以史學的分類與比較方式進行臺北故宮蒐藏史的脈絡分析，在這些案例中可得知臺北故宮的文物新入藏案例如何地和國民政府的命運、文化大革命和中華文化復興運動相連；同時，由於物件原蒐藏者常有為因應時局和避難的流動歷程，恰好可以呼應博物館（亦即臺北故宮）流轉的歷程。其次，由於大量的書畫家隨著國民政府來臺，也造就了臺北故宮新入藏物件中有許多的近現代書畫作品，質量皆佳，堪稱其新入藏代表。此外，捐贈、購藏與寄存的分類及其能動性亦呼應了「禮物交換」的研究發展，包括社會往來的建立、商品與禮物分立和給予又保留的再思考。 第二篇部份，筆者分析了訪談對象及其案例的能動性與文化課題，最後再結合所有資料的文化顯性與隱性部份，搭配「文化菱形」的概念，進行大歷史與小細節的整合。最終我們可以得到在博物館蒐藏史中，禮物交換是有包括有形的物件和無形的事物，包括對國家的認同、對政府的忠誠、對博物館保存能力的肯定等等。除此之外，無形的還包括禮物交換中的象徵意義、華人元素（關係、面子與人情）的再現與自我的延伸性等等，在這些交換歷程中進而體現「流動性格」，最終體現歷史人類學之於博物館蒐藏領域的能動性與社會性。
並列摘要
This study, ‘Gift Exchange’, takes the point of view from anthropologist Marcel Mauss to investigate the social practice and cultural representation of a museum’s collection history. The National Palace Museum in Taipei is chosen as the subject, and its collection history after moving to Taiwan is constructed with the context of three main directions: donation, entrustment and purchase. Traditional historical and literature analyses are used in this study, and three interviewees- Architect Chiu-Hua Wang, Ms. Yi-Ling Tan, and Mr. Ching Wu- are interviewed. Their ancestors or themselves play a vital role in the collection history of the museum. Through this method, firsthand information is obtained to understand how the three basic elements of gift-giving, receiving and returning- are performed in these cases. The interviews are conducted with the methodology of ‘historical field’: it is an anthropological semi-structured interview method with the sense of historical background and historiographical consciousness as an endeavor to build up ‘historical anthropology’ in the field of museum by means of combing historical research and anthropology. This research is divided into two parts; the first part is a context analysis of the collection history of National Palace Museum through historiographical classification and comparative method. These cases reveal that the acquisitions are closely related to the current political situation, Cultural Revolution, Chinese Cultural Renaissance, and the collectors’ personal histories also correspond to the history of the Museum when they sought refuge and fled to Taiwan. Meanwhile, a large number of painters came to Taiwan with the Nationalist Government; their masterpieces are contributed to the modern and contemporary collections as representative art works with fine quality. Besides, through classifying these artifacts with three means of acquisition: donation, entrustment and purchase, the acquisition process echoes the research development of gift exchange, including establishment of social interaction, discrepance between gifts and commodities and rethinking the paradox of giving-while-keeping. In the second part, the interviewees and the agency of their cases as well as cultural issues were analyzed, followed by the last combination of explicit and implicit portions of culture throughout all data for integration of big history and tiny details, likewise with the concept of “cultural diamond.” Ultimately, we can learn a fact that among history of collection in the museum, gift exchange is a thing containing both tangible and intangible objects, where it includes but not limited to national identity, loyalty to the government, confirmation of preserving ability to the museum. Furthermore, intangible objects also include symbolized meaning of gift exchange, self-extened and cultural representation behind Chinese elements (face, favor and relationship) etc., in the course of these exchanges, such “flow of character” was carried on further including agency and historical anthropology to collection realm of museum.