- 學位論文
老人機構防火煙控避難性能改善技術研究
Research on Improvement of Fire Escape and Smoke Control Performance for Senior Citizens’ Institutions
摘要
隨著國家的科學進步、醫療技術發展及人們衛生習慣大幅改進，人類平均壽命不斷增長，進而造成老年人口比例的增加，而使台灣逐漸變成高齡化社會，老人照顧問題已然成為社會關注與重視的議題。在台灣老人福利機構多以小型居多，此類機構中所收容與服務的對象多屬體力衰竭、行動不便，或為患有感官失能、心理障礙等，其人員之應變能力與逃生避難行為皆屬避難弱勢者。而小型福利機構因其樓地板面積未達各類場所消防安全設置標準，免裝自動撒水設備及排煙設備之規定，當火災發生時，對於初期之滅火亦無力進行，而造成火勢延燒、災害擴大，最終無法有效地自行避難逃生而導致人員傷亡。 本研究藉由蒐集國內外對於老人福利機構所訂定之消防法規進行分析與探討。得知美國規定只要是老人福利機構對於設置自動撒水設備的要求較國內嚴謹。然而實地現場勘查之結果可得常見之缺失在於消防滅火及避難逃生設備等方面。對於老人福利機構等各方面之缺失，如：避難器具標示不當與其放置位置受阻及避難方向指示燈及出口標示燈為保持常亮等。 電腦模擬及實際火場對於排煙設置，比對結果得知排煙設於室外比設於室內較佳。電腦模擬較不適用於有撒水的情境下，由於模擬無滌煙的效果，所以在使用電腦模擬應更加謹慎與保守。對於人員逃生若能事先做好路線規劃對於人員疏散較佳，而當只有一個逃生出口人員疏散時間較短，因人員熟知安全門位置時，其避難時間較不知安全門位置之時間快。 藉由研究中設計簡易式排煙設備及簡易式撒水設備進行實驗，由實驗結果得知火源設置於撒水頭正下方，較有助於滅火，當撒水頭燒破即能有效地滅火，故將來如床位等可燃物應儘量設計接近撒水頭。另外採用預動式撒水頭較開放式撒水頭為佳，由於探測器作動時，因煙層正在產生，撒水頭若立刻撒水，會造成亂流情形；預動式撒水頭因煙層已往天花板蓄積，當撒水頭燒破才撒水，故亂流情形較不嚴重。而門口設置水幕由於會產生亂流，對於室外能見度較差。排煙口設置於門口走廊上方較設置於房間內效果佳。而將門關上或設置安全門較可減少火煙進入老人機構居室之其他空間，可有效增加之老人救援時間。 本研究實際以火場實驗與FDS電腦模擬火災情境與逃生路線之研究分析，發生火災時，將木門關閉並啟動撒水系統，不只可以有效阻擋熱幅射，並可減少火煙進入老人機構居室之其他空間，可增加無法移動之老人救援時間；設置安全門或是增加防火區劃雖可增加防火煙控避難效果，但成本較高問題需加以考慮。至於簡易式自動撒水設備於成本考量只需一般法規要求之自動撒水系統的七分之一，在提升老人福利機構之消防自動滅火能力時，同時也能兼顧經濟效益之成本考量，大幅提升其可行性與老人福利機構業者的接受度。
並列摘要
Accompanying the progression of technology, development of medical techniques, and improvement of sanitation, the life-span of humans keeps increasing, thus resulting in a growing percentage of elders, gradually turning Taiwan into an aging society; therefore, the caretaking of these elders has become and important issue of today’s society. In Taiwan, small-sized institutions for senior citizens are the majority, and the characteristics of the people in the institution are weaker physical abilities, physical disabilities, sensory disabilities, or psychological disorders, which result in a disadvantage during escape. Since the area sizes of these institutions do not reach the fire safety requirements, the regulation to install automated sprinklers and smoke ventilators are not applied. Therefore, whenever there is a fire, the extinguishment for the early fires cannot be effectively put into action, which results in the expansion of the fire and the casualties of the people unable to escape by themselves. This research conducted analyses on the laws made for senior citizens’ institutions both domestically and internationally. It was discovered that the laws regarding the installation of automated sprinkler systems in senior citizens’ institutions in America were all more conscientious than the ones instituted in Taiwan, but after exploring the institutions, it was discovered that the actual miscues were on the fire extinguishment and fire escape equipment, such as poor indication or blockage of the fire escape equipment and failures of the escape route and emergency exit lights. This research conducted experiments on simplified smoke control systems and simplified automatic sprinkler systems; and from the results it was learned that the fire should be directly below the sprinklers in order for it to be extinguished more effectively. It is more effective when the link in the sprinklers breaks, therefore beds and other combustible objects of the health care institutions should be as close to the sprinklers as possible. Another thing is to use pre-action sprinklers instead of open head sprinklers. This is because smoke is created while the detector is going off, if the sprinklers were to immediately spray water, it would cause air turbulence; pre-action sprinklers do not spray water until the smoke accumulated near the ceiling breaks the link in the sprinklers, therefore the air turbulence is less severe. Closing the doors or installing emergency automatic shutoff doors can decrease the amount of smoke entering the other areas of the health care institutions, giving more time to rescue the elders. This research used an actual fire experiment and FDS to simulate the fire scenario and escape route. Closing the doors can decrease the amount of smoke entering the other areas of the health care institutions during a fire, allowing more time to rescue the elders; the installation of emergency automatic shutoff doors or the addition of extra fire preventive areas can also improve emergency escape, but the costs are much higher, something which may be considered. Simplified automatic sprinkler systems only cost a seventh of the price needed to install the automated sprinklers regulated by law; not only does it put the auto-extinguishing ability of the senior citizens’ institutions into consideration, the economical side of the installation is also considered, thus greatly increasing the practicality of the idea and acceptance of the owners of the institutions.