從國際法觀點看關於釣魚台列嶼的諸項問題

鄭博祥(BO-SHIANG CHENG)

指導教授 ： 沈文良

長榮大學/人文社會學院/日本研究所/碩士(2006年)

摘要

釣魚台列嶼的主權歸屬是中日雙方長久以來一直未能解決的外交問題。美國在1972年依據「沖繩返還協定」，將釣魚台列嶼的行政權交給了日本。這件事造成了中國與台灣的強烈反彈，並進一步掀起以一般民眾為首的「保釣運動」。政府方面雖然做過多次的交涉，但關於主權的問題雙方依舊不肯讓步。而日本海上保安局在釣魚台列嶼周遭海域嚴格取締台灣漁船的做法，也激起了漁民的反日情緒，要求政府護漁的聲浪也日漸高漲。
　釣魚台不僅是日、中、台三方的問題，美國也扮演了相當重要的角色。在第二次世界大戰之後沖繩便由美國代為託管，而釣魚台列嶼也被視為沖繩的一部分併入其行政區之內。爾後在美國歸還沖繩的時候，釣魚台列嶼赫然也被劃入了歸還區域。雖然中國和台灣都提出了抗議，但是美方卻表示「美國在釣魚台列嶼的主權問題上不支持任何一國的主張，因該由各國透過和平的方式解決」。時至今日，釣魚台列嶼已完全在日本的掌控之下。　
本論文分別研究中方與日方的主張來探討釣魚台列嶼主權的歸屬問題，並透過國際法來加以論證雙方的主張。中方主要依據記錄釣魚台最古老的文獻「順風相送」以及明清代的冊封使錄來表明自己的領有根據，並且指日本在鴉片戰爭時領有釣魚台列嶼的行為是「不法佔有」。另一方面，日本則以領有釣魚台列嶼的過程以及對列島的行使主權的行為來鞏固自己的主張，並指出中方式在釣魚台列嶼周邊的石油報告出爐之後，才進而主張對釣魚台列嶼的主權。
　另外，排他經濟海域與大陸棚下蘊藏的石油，可以說是隱藏在主權爭議下的另一個重要問題。雖然中日雙方在論及主權問題時都避開石油不談，但是在石油報告之後雙方的焦點才轉移到釣魚台列嶼上也是不爭的事實。本論文尚引用各學者專家對石油問題的見解，並由各國際判例來探討釣魚台列嶼是否能在大陸棚與排他經濟海域的劃分上擁有效力。筆者認為如能釐清此一問題的話，將在解決釣魚台列嶼的主權問題上有正面的幫助。　
本論文的研究目的在於探討釣魚台列嶼自備發現以來，中日雙方對列嶼的主權行使以及開拓成果。並透過各種角度來審視釣魚台列嶼的主權問題。期望能從學者們研究當中發展出新的論點，並對釣魚台列嶼的主權紛爭做出一些建議。

關鍵字

釣魚台列嶼 ； 國際法

並列摘要

The sovereignty of Diaoyutai Island (named as Senkaku Island in Japan) is a Sino-Japanese diplomatic dispute which has yet to be solved for a long time. In 1972, U.S.A handed over the executive power of Diaoyutai Island to Japan based on ' Okinawa Handover Treaty '. It caused strong protests from China and Taiwan, and held the ' Protect Diaoyutai ' demonstrations headed by populace. Although Taiwan government has tried several times to negotiate the issue with Japanese government but there was no any progress. The maritime security bureau of Japan has been banning Taiwan fishing boat from entering into the sea area of the island and caused strong protest from Taiwan fishermen. They strongly asked Taiwan government to protect their fishing right.
Diaoyutai Island is not only the diplomatic dispute among Japan, China and Taiwan, American government also play an important role. Okinawa was entrusted by U.S.A. after World War II and Diaoyutai Island is part of Okinawa. When U.S.A. handed over Okinawa to Japan, Diaoyutai Island was also included. Although China and Taiwan raised strong protest but American declared that they did not support any country and the issue must be peacefully solved by related countries themselves. Until now, Diaoyutai Island is totally controlled by Japan.
The paper here is to study the claims of both sides and to have in-depth understanding for the sovereignty of Diaoyutai Island. I will also try to identify their claims through international law. China and Taiwan’s declares is mainly based on the old document “Had a favourable wind” plus some historic records in Ching dynasty. They also pointed out that Japan’s occupation of the island in the Opium War (1840-1842) is illegal. Japan’s declare is mainly based the procedure of American’s handover and the fact that they have executive power of the island now. Japan also
I I
stated that China declared the right after the discovery of Diaoyutai Island oil resources.
The rich oil resources under continental shelf and economic sea area around the area of Diaoyutai Island is a very important factor. Although both sided did not touch oil issue during the negotiations but it is the fact that the issue became hot after the discovery of Diaoyutai Island oil resource. The paper will also quote opinions from some scholars and experts and study if the international legal precedent can be applied to this case or not. I think that it will be helpful to solve the problem if we can clarify the question.
The objective of the paper is to study the history of the sovereign right of the Diaoyutai Island and to identify the sovereign problem through different point of view. I expect to develop a new point of view through the study of professional papers and make suggestion for the dispute of Diaoyutai Island sovereign rights.

並列關鍵字

SENKAKU ISLAND

參考文獻

陳侃（1970），『使琉球錄』，「使事紀略」，台灣銀行經濟研究室「使琉球錄三種」

徐葆光（1987），『中山王傳信錄』，台灣銀行經濟研究室，台北，大通書局

鄭海麟（2003），『從歷史與國際法看釣魚台主權歸屬』，海峽評論，台北

http://www1.cfdd.org.cn/web/ 中國民間保釣聯合會

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