「詩聖」的一個面向：杜詩中的「家國聯繫」表現模式

One aspect of Chinese poet sage : the connection of homeland and imperial court in Tu Fu's poems

李奇鴻(Lee, Chi Hung)

指導教授 ： 許銘全

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/中國文學系/碩士(2015年)

https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2015.00004

摘要

本文描述杜詩中的「家國聯繫」表現模式，用以分析杜詩中「詩聖」的情感特質及其價值階序。「家國聯繫」的表現模式是自伊娃‧周珊（Eva Shan Chou）的「並置結構」（juxtaposition）理論延伸而來，指杜甫詩中「懷鄉」與「憂國」主題的並置現象；此模式於杜甫入蜀後生成，在夔州時期大量創作，出峽後逐漸淡化。從家國聯繫的發展過程來說，成都時期多是懷鄉、憂國的主題並置，到了夔州時期，運用面向便擴展至「夜月」、「傷春」、「悲秋」等主題，最明顯的差異便是「滯於他鄉的地理限制」與「老病衰頹的傷逝感」的兩相結合，並表現在神思往返於夔府、京華的聯繫形式。
　　同時，本文亦指出：亂後「異地」書寫是開啟家國聯繫的契機，它是指杜甫身處異鄉，欲回歸中央的「趨力」，由此趨力而來的「懷鄉」主題，由於政治中心與故鄉的「地點同一性」而產生家國之思，所以，「異地」書寫是將「懷鄉」與「憂國」並列的重要條件。杜甫亂後的「異地」處境既能引發「懷鄉」主題，也能抒發「憂國」主題，而隨著客居秦州、自秦入蜀，杜甫的懷鄉意識愈趨濃烈，漸與憂國主題並置，從而表現出詩聖的情感特質。在此特質中，本文進一步地分析杜甫的「家國觀」：杜甫的「家國觀」是「核心─邊陲」的同心圓構造，由「家國聯繫」所突顯的詩聖特質，即在「遠離核心」的回歸趨力作用下，仍堅守「國」先於「家」的價值階序。
　　本文所提出的「家國聯繫」表現模式，乃是從詩歌內緣的角度看待接受史中的「詩聖」現象，此或許提供一個新的路徑描述杜甫詩歷時性的傳釋活動，進而觀察文學史發展的一個側向。

關鍵字

杜甫 ； 詩聖 ； 家國聯繫 ； 並置結構

並列摘要

This thesis compose a structure named “the connection of homeland and imperial court” to analysis the poet-sage characteristics and moral hierarchy in Tu Fu’s works. The “connection of homeland and imperial court” structure is extending from Eva Shan Chou’s “juxtaposition” theory, which to figure out different two topics , homesick and obsession of imperial court , placed side by side in Tu Fu’s poems. This pattern was produced when Tu Fu entering into Shu蜀, and wrote a great in K’uei-chou夔州period, but weakened gradually after he exited Yangtse Gorges. The “connection of homeland and imperial court” structure changes among Tu Fu’s Shu and K’uei-chou period : in Shu , there are two topics juxtaposition , in K’uei-chou , it combining more topics , such as the night-moon, sadness for spring , sadness for autumn. In K’uei-chou period’s poems, Tu Fu combined the “topographic limitation of non-homeland situation” and “regret for the old sick body and rest of his life” with the connection of K’uei-fu夔府 and Ching-hua京華.

　　Furthermore, this study figure out that a poet in the “non-homeland place” situation is a major factor in formed the connection structure after An-lu-shan安祿山 rebellion. The “non-homeland place” situation result of a strong power that people willing to return his homeland, in case of Tu Fu, becoming the poems with homesick theme. At same time, due to the same location of homeland and empire capital, this situation makes verse with obsession of imperial court also. So the “non-homeland place” situation is a major factor in connection of “homesick” and “obsession of imperial court” two different poem themes. After An-lu-shan rebellion, Tu Fu’s “non-homeland place” situation can inspire the “homesick” topic , and “obsession of imperial court” topic, too. With Tu Fu’s life, live in Ch'in-chou秦州 in a short time and forward to Shu, his thought of nostalgia is going more powerful, and this thought finally combine with the obsession of imperial court. This process explain that how can we perceive the poet-sage characteristics in Tu Fu’s works. Under the poet-sage characteristics, this study analysis Tu Fu’s “concept of Home country” which is constructed by “core-border” concentric circle. And this characteristics that generated by connection structure which work by power of away from the core of concentric circle—also means away from the homeland/capital—reveal the moral hierarchy which returning imperial court is higher priority than back to homeland.

　　This study compose a structure of Tu Fu’s poems named “the connection of homeland and imperial court” is about how we perceive the poet-sage characteristics in Tu Fu’s works. It perhaps offers a different way to analysis Tu Fu’s verse in long-term period acceptance activities of Chinese poetry history.

並列關鍵字

Tu Fu ； poet sage ； the connection of homeland and imperial court ； juxtaposition

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