- 學位論文
大湖文化人骨牙齒磨耗形態及病理現象之比較研究：以灣港、牛尿港遺址為例
A comparative study of dental wear and dental pathology from Dahu Culture: A case study of Wan-Kang site and Niu-Niao-Gang site, Tainan, Taiwan.
摘要
牙齒磨耗程度是考古學和體質人類學研究中最常被使用的一種年齡判定方法，由於牙冠的磨耗狀況會受到飲食習慣、工具性使用等因素影響，還可以得知個體的生活資訊，更能進一步對族群文化有所了解。 近年台南科學園區的考古搶救發掘工作，出土了大量的墓葬與人骨，無論在時間的連續性上或是保存狀況上都提供了討論相關議題的充足材料。有鑑於此，本研究將著重於牙齒磨耗相關問題的討論，藉由牙齒磨耗狀況、磨耗形態、病理現象和其他體質特徵的觀察，結合考古脈絡分析，探討大湖文化人群牙齒的使用模式，以及反映在經濟行為上、性別上、年齡上的差異。 本研究以灣港遺址和牛尿港遺址出土的人骨為材料，觀察結果顯示，這兩個遺址出土人骨牙齒磨耗程度主要仍受到萌出順序和年齡的影響，除了上顎側門齒與第二大臼齒的情況較為特殊外，其餘牙齒的磨耗程度皆隨著年齡增減，直到45歲以後，磨耗程度變化幅度逐漸縮小。在磨耗形態方面，磨耗形態同樣也受到年齡的影響，且有前後方齒列的差異，門齒和犬齒以成年為界，從自然形態逐漸轉為杯狀，小臼齒和大臼齒在25歲之前為自然形態，之後呈現平坦形態，35歲後才轉為杯狀形態，不過第三大臼齒由於萌出時間較晚且磨耗程度較低，皆以自然形態和平坦形態較為常見。另外因為女性普遍有拔除上顎側門齒與犬齒的習俗，導致前後方齒列的磨耗程度以及咬合面磨耗形態上出現性別差異：男性的磨耗程度與形態隨著年齡變化，女性則可觀察到「減磨耗」(Anti-attrition)的現象。雖然磨耗程度與形態的表現上有年齡和性別的差異，明顯的後方齒列磨耗程度高於前方齒列以及杯狀形態的特色，仍可看出該族群具有明顯農業民族的特性。 在牙齒病理現象的部分，線性琺瑯質發育不全、齲齒、牙結石、齒槽吸收的發生率都相當高，且女性又比男性更易觀察到這些現象。另一方面，齒槽膿瘍和捲緣的發生率則相當低，男性的發生率又較女性為高。線性琺瑯質發育不全和齲齒的高發生率，可能與農業的發展或來自環境上的生存壓力有關，高比例的牙結石和齒槽吸收罹患率，則反映了牙周病可能是該族群普遍牙齒病理現象。 本研究成果對於牙齒磨耗與死亡年齡和使用行為的關係，以及牙齒病理現象與性別、年齡的關係有了初步的認識，期望未來能以此為基礎，對於大湖文化人群的飲食內涵、生業活動以及性別分工等有更進一步的討論。
並列摘要
The degree of dental attrition is the most commonly used method of age determination in the studies of archaeology and physical anthropology, and also reflects certain material aspects of culture. In view of this, this study focused on the issues related to dental attrition, and the tooth usage pattern of people from Dahu Culture, and its reflection on differences in gender and age, through observation of physical characteristics such as degree of dental attrition, attrition form and dental pathology, in combination with contextual analysis in archaeology. This study used human bones from the WK Site and NNK Site as the study materials, and the observation results showed that the attrition degrees of teeth were mainly affected by eruption sequence and age. With the exception of maxillary lateral incisor and the second molar, the attrition degrees of the remaining teeth increased with age and and slightly down after 45 year-old. As for the form of attrition, it was also affected by age, and there was difference between the anterior and posterior of teeth. In addition, as there is the tooth-pulling custom for females, anti-attrition phenomenon can be observed in female. Although the degree and form of attrition showed difference in age and gender, the significantly higher degree of attrition of anterior teeth compares to posterior teeth, and teeth form were cupped, revealed the trait of an agriculture-based population. As for tooth pathology, occurrence rates of linear enamel hypoplasia, caries, dental calculus and alveolar absorption were high. By contrast, the occurrence rates of Alveolar abscess and alveolar rolled rim were relatively low. The high occurrence rates of linear enamel hypoplasia and caries are probably related to agricultural development or survival pressure of the surrounding, while the high rates of calculus and alveolar resorption suggest that periodontosis was a common dental disease in this population. The study results help to explain the relationships among dental attrition, age at death and usage as well as among dental pathology, gender and age. With the foundation of the study results, a further discussion and research on dietary habits, business activities and sexual division of labors in Dahu culture can be expected.