明朝華人的海外地理知識 ─ 以大泥國、佛郎機的認識為例

The Overseas Geographical Knowledge of Chinese during Ming dynasty: in an example of Patani and Frank

陳孟杰(Meng-Chieh Chen)

指導教授 ： 李毓中

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/歷史研究所/碩士(2015年)

摘要

在中國歷史上，華人的地理知識發展和建構，多以陸地為主。而後，隨著中國的海洋發展，華人的海外地理知識也有了長足地進步。宋代趙汝适《諸蕃志》、元代汪大淵《島夷志略》等著作，反映了明朝以前中國海外貿易及華人海上活動的盛行。宋、元時代甚至對於遠到非洲、歐洲海外地理亦有豐富之記載。這些歷代的海外地理知識影響到明朝華人對東南亞等地的認識，使得明人承繼了過往的南海經驗。到了明永樂、宣德年間的鄭和下西洋，明朝華人在對於南海、印度洋地區的海外地理知識發展也達到一鼎盛時期。受此影響，明朝華人在海外地理的著作、地圖的製作上，亦有高度的發展和成就。

然而，自明太祖以來，海禁政策限制華人出海。在鄭和航海結束後，明朝的海洋政策自此又轉趨保守，明政府不再主動向海外發展。而海禁的推行下，也令明朝的民間海外發展受到壓迫、退縮，在海外地理知識的發展上，也漸漸無法跟上時代的變化。華人對於的海外地理的記載，在名稱上受到漢語的文字和發音影響而有所變化。隨著時間的進行，在十五世紀後半，由於南洋地區政權的更迭、琉球的大交易時代與西方人地理大發現的到來，帶來新的語言及地理名詞。受此影響，明正德、萬曆年間以後，華人對於海外國家的地理名稱與知識出現混淆問題。如對於東南亞地區大泥國與渤泥的地理名稱與概念上的混淆問題，還有對來自歐洲的佛郎機、西班牙佔據下的呂宋國之認識問題。儘管耶穌會士帶來新地理知識，但因出於被動，華人對於大泥國、佛郎機等的地理概念仍多無法有效釐清。

關鍵字

明朝 ； 地理知識 ； 大泥國 ； 渤泥 ； 佛郎機 ； 呂宋

並列摘要

In Chinese history, Chinese geographical knowledgedevelopment and construction, are mostly land-based. Then, with thedevelopment of overseas Chinese have made great geographical knowledge to progress, for example Song dynasty Zhao Rugua "Zhu Fan Zhi", and Yuan dynasty Wang Dayuan "Daoyi Zhilüe" and other works, reflecting the prevalence of Chinese overseas trade and maritime activities before the Ming dynasty. Song, Yuan dynasty also had rich geography of foreign records far to Africa and Europe, this ancient geography affect overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and other placesMing awareness, making Ming inherited from past experience in the South China Sea. During Yongle and Xuande regime in Ming dynasty, through Zhenghe the geographical knowledge of overseas, in the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean region has reached a peak. This situation also effected the overseas Chinese Ming geography knowledge, showing its high degree of development and achievements through documents and map productions.

However, since Hung Wu regime, the seas ban policy toward unfriendly foreign countries also restricted Chinese to sail outbound. At the end of Zheng He last voyage, the Ming maritime policy has become more conservative since the Ming government no longer takes the initiative to overseas development. Seas ban which also oppresses and retreats the overseas development of Ming Dynasty, in the development of geographic knowledge abroad, and gradually unable to keep up with the time changing; for the record overseas Chinese geography, by the Chinese in the name of the text and pronunciation of the impact varies. As time progresses, in the fifteenth century and a half later, as a result of the change of regime in Southeast Asia region, the arrival of the era of Ryukyu maritime trading and Westerners geographical discovery, bringing new languages and geographical terms. Affecting the Chinese appears to confuse the issue of geographic names and knowledge of overseas countries after Ming Zheng De and Wan Li regime, for problems such as confusion country in Southeast Asia with Patani and Brunei on geographic names and concepts, as well as the Frank from Europe. Although the Jesuits bring new geographical knowledge, but for the passive, the Chinese nation for the Patani, Frank geographical concept is still more unable to effectively clarified.

參考文獻

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