Licensing Mandarin Complex Sentences

論漢語複雜句之核可

梁書云(Liang, Shu Yun)

指導教授 ： 林宗宏

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/語言學研究所/碩士(2016年)

摘要

本篇論文探討三種主要的漢語複雜句結構，包含讓步條件句，讓步句，以及因果句。首先，本文主張漢語複雜句的核可成分(licensing element)在後，也就是居後子句中的成分，決定其句型意涵。我們並以此與英語相對應句型做簡單的比較。我們歸納出主要的核可成分及其與句型間的語意互動方式；Lin (2012)認為「就」及「才」在語意上的關係性(relationality)為核可漢語條件句之成分；此研究中，我們進一步主張「就」及「才」同樣能核可因果句。由「即使/雖然」引介的讓步及讓步條件句，則以「也」、「還是」、以及「仍然」為核可成分；此組核可成分的出現，表示其居前子句含有選擇集合(a set of alternatives)，並從集合中選擇最極端的選項，表達出讓步語意。另外，本文依循Lin (2012)對條件句做的分類，發現讓步條件句也可分為兩類：事件性讓步條件句(concessive event-conditionals)以及前提性讓步條件句(concessive premise-conditionals)，而後者更能以非直陳 (non-indicative)的語態，核可其句型語意。另外，我們也討論了漢語的連接性讓步條件句(conjunctive concessive-conditionals)，此句型同樣需要「也」、「還是」、以及「仍然」之核可。
在句法結構的部分，本文採取Comrie (2008)的測試，驗證居前子句實為一附加句(adjunct)，而居後子句則為主要句。針對讓步條件句的分類，我們採用Lin (2012)對條件句做的測試，驗證居前子句分別嫁接在不同的位置。

關鍵詞：讓步條件句、讓步句、因果句、核可成分、就、才、也、還是、仍然、關係性、選擇

關鍵字

讓步條件句 ； 讓步句 ； 因果句 ； 核可成分 ； 就 ； 才 ； 還是 ； 仍然 ； 關係性 ； 選擇

並列摘要

This thesis investigates certain types of complex sentences in Mandarin Chinese. They are jishi/jiusuan concessive conditionals, suiran/jinguan concessives, and yinwei reason constructions. They correspond to sentences introduced by even if, although, and because in English respectively.
First, we propose that Mandarin complex sentence constructions are actually licensed by elements in the consequence clauses, which is different from the phenomenon in English. Each licensing element, depending on its property, restricts the type of its antecedent clause. Jiu ‘then ’and cai ‘only if’, due to their relationality, suffice to form ruguo conditionals and yinwei constructions. Ye ‘also’ and haishi/rengran ‘still’ license concessives introduced by elements like jishi/jiusuan ‘even if’ or suiran/jinguan ‘even though/although’. These licensing elements in the second clause assert an extreme case from a set of alternatives. We also find jishi/jiusuan concessive conditionals can be divided into concessive event-conditionals and concessive premise-conditionals. Our analysis shows that apart from ye/haishi/rengran, non-indicative mood in a consequent clause license concessive premise-conditionals. Moreover, ye/haishi/rengran are also the crucial elements in conjunctive concessive-conditionals.
For each construction, we adopt the tests from Comrie (2008) to investigate the syntactic properties of the antecedent clauses and consequent clauses. The tests in Lin (2012) are also adopted to show different adjuction positions of concessive event-conditionals and concessive premise-conditionals.

Keywords: concessive-conditional clause, concessive clause, reason clause, licensing element, jiu, cai, ye, haishi/rengran, relationality, alternatives

並列關鍵字

concessive-conditional clause ； concessive clause ； reason clause ； licensing element ； jiu ； cai ； ye ； haishi/rengran ； relationality ； alternatives

參考文獻

Wang, Yu-Fang. 2006. The information structure of adverbial clauses in Chinese discourse. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics 4: 49-88

Yang, Ching-Yu. Concessive constructions in Mandarin Chinese. Term paper, National Tsing Hua University. pp1-20.

REFERNECES

Comrie, Bernard. 2008. Subordination, coordination: Form, semantics, pragmatics. In Edward J. Vajda (ed.), Subordination and coordination strategies in North Asian languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1–16.

Dancygier, Barbara & Sweester, Eve. 2000. Constructions with if, since, and because: Causality, epistemic stance, and clause order. In Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth & Bernd Kortmann (eds.) Cause -Condition - Concession - Contrast: Cognitive and Discourse Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.