What is Culture in Lijiang?: Discourses and Life in a Tourism Setting in Southwest China

張慧娜(Maranda Eveline Bingaman)

指導教授 ： 黃倩玉

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/人類學研究所/碩士(2009年)

https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2009.00166

摘要

This thesis is an ethnography of how different discourses of culture are localized by a minority in China. Lijiang Old Town has been a United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO) World Cultural Heritage Site since 1997 and the Naxi nationality living there have been exposed to many discourses of culture. Using Edward Said’s idea of traveling theories, I examine how ambiguity of the key term “culture” creates tension when the theory “culture can be preserved” plays out in practice. I elaborate five separate discourses that define culture as being qualified, a resource, a whole bubble, fragile and exotic. Each is examined within their historical and political contexts before exploring how these discourses have been localized by the Naxi. These findings are based on reviews of public documents from UNESCO and the Chinese state and seven months of fieldwork in Lijiang Old Town (January to March and September to December 2008) which included surveys of tourism facilities and interviews with local scholars, bureaucrats and working class Naxi. I argue that although all discourses are localized among the Naxi, different social classes may experience and perceive the same discourse differently. In conclusion, this ethnography shows that the influences of globalization, such as the spread of ideas by UNESCO and tourism, are significantly tempered by the power of the state. Yet, at the same time, local Naxi also tap the sources of global discourse as a means of negotiating their own positions in regards to the state and within the global community.

關鍵字

文化概念 ； 文化觀光主義 ； 麗江 ； 納西 ； 世界文化遺產

並列摘要

本文企圖探討居處於中國雲南麗江古城的納西人，如何以在地觀點轉化不同關於文化概念、定義、內涵與重要性的論述。麗江古城自一九九七年成為聯合國教科文組織世界文化遺產迄今，在地納西人即經驗各種不同的文化論述。本文採用愛德華．薩伊德的「旅行理論」，說明不同行動者對於「保存文化」理論的不同理解、詮釋與經驗，如何成為創造彼此之間緊張關係的來源。筆者闡述五種文化論述，並說明其不同的歷史與政治背景。其中兩種論述由中國政府所倡導，兩種論述源於西方，最後一種則源自族群關係的獨特組合，即文化觀光主義。上述不同的文化論述，或將文化定義為一項判斷族群優劣的標準、一種具有經濟開發價值的資源、一個自給自足的整體，或是認為文化岌岌可危、亟需搶救，或將其等同於奇風異俗。筆者採用的研究方法包括，解讀聯合國教科文組織世界文化遺產委員會與中國政府的公開文件，與進行為期七個月的參與觀察（二零零八年一月至三月，七月至十二月）。由此筆者得出三點重要結論。首先，佔據不同社會位置的納西人，各自以不同方式解釋、經驗與在地化不同的文化論述。再來，由中國政府主導的文化論述，在地方上的影響力遠勝於聯合國教科文組織與觀光產業所形塑的文化論述。最後，儘管文化觀光的全球化浪潮勢不可擋，麗江古城的納西人卻能趁勢而為，在面對中國政府與國際社會時，援引不同文化論述作為協商建構其社會地位的資源。

並列關鍵字

culture concept ； cultural tourism ； Lijiang ； Naxi ； World Cultural Heritage

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