生物多樣性公約架構下遺傳資源取得規範之研究-以利益分享機制為核心

Research on the Regulations of Access to Genetic Resources under the Framework of Convention on Biological Diversity-Focus on Benefit-Sharing Mechanism

陳勇智(Yung-chih Chen)

指導教授 ： 牛惠之

國立清華大學/科技管理學院/科技法律研究所/碩士(2007年)

摘要

隨著生物科技之進步，生物遺傳資源已成各國爭相競逐的新興天然資源；不過，由於遺傳資源於地表上的分佈並不平均，因此許多爭議亦隨之而起；從十九世紀起，層出不窮的生物剽竊案例便是遺傳資源爭議之顯例。
為了解決遺傳資源分佈不均所致生之爭議，1992年聯合國通過的生物多樣性公約(Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD)便明確規定生物遺傳資源受國家主權管轄，並且建立了遺傳資源取得與利益分享(Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-sharing, ABS)之原則性規範；此後，世界各國紛紛援引生物多樣性公約規定，制訂其國內ABS制度之規定。
本文首先將以遺傳資源議題之歷史脈絡、CBD制訂背景以及CBD架構下遺傳資源與ABS制度之發展為主軸進行介紹，並且探討ABS制度中所應包含之基本原則，包括永續發展原則、實體正義原則、程序正義與多元參與原則以及遺傳資源法定、透明管理與便利取用原則。
本文並介紹CBD通過後哥斯大黎加、菲律賓、安地斯共同體與哥倫比亞以及馬來西亞實踐ABS制度的經驗；藉由上述國家ABS法規與相關個案之整理便可以發現，在立法層次上各國ABS規範十分類似，然而在個案經驗中，各國實踐ABS之成效上則呈現分歧的結果。細究其原因，各國對於利益分享之實踐策略係為影響ABS制度成效之主要因素。
為了釐清利益分享手段與ABS成效間之關連性，本文針對哥斯大黎加、菲律賓、安地斯共同體與哥倫比亞以及馬來西亞所採取之利益分享手段進行整理且將其類型化，並以ABS制度之基本原則檢視不同之利益分享類型，並配合個案實踐之經驗，試圖找出國家落實利益分享之最適策略。最後，再將歸納所得之利益分享最適策略與我國遺傳資源法草案進行比較，並對我國相關之立法工作提出建言。

關鍵字

遺傳資源 ； 生物多樣性公約 ； 遺傳資源取得與利益分享 ； 遺傳資源法

並列摘要

With the improvement of Biotechnology, genetic resources have become one of the important resources in the world. However, there are many disputes occurred due to the unbalanced distribution of genetic resources in the world, such as the biopiracy cases in the early 19th century.
To solve the disputes incurred by the unbalanced distribution of genetic resources, international society passed the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992 which recognized the national sovereignty over the genetic resources, and raised the concept of Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-sharing (ABS). Hereafter, many states began to develop the domestic ABS legislation according to CBD.
This article begins with the history of genetic resources controversy, the background of CBD enactment, and ABS regulations under the framework of CBD. Through the analysis of information mentioned above, several basic principles of ABS, including sustainable development, justice, public participation, legal certainty, and access facilitation, are identified.
Moreover, this article introduces the ABS implement experiences of Costa Rica, Philippines, Andean Community/Columbia, and Malaysia, including both the domestic legislation and ABS practical cases. Based on the domestic legislation, the ABS legislation of those countries is quite similar. However, the effects of ABS in those countries are very different according to the ABS practical cases. The author thought the different benefit-sharing stratedgy is the major factor that affects the effect of ABS practical cases.
To clarify the relevance between the benefit-sharing requirement and effects of ABS regime, this article analyzes the benefit-sharing measures adopted by Costa Rica, Philippines, Andean Community/Columbia, and Malaysia, and classifies those measures. Then, we can examine different classification of benefit-sharing measures with basic principles of ABS and effects of ABS practical cases to find out the best benefit-sharing strategy of the state.
At last, this article compares the best benefit-sharing strategy of the state with the strategy of Taiwan based on the draft of the Genetic Resources Law, and trys to make some suggestions to the draft.

並列關鍵字

genetic resources ； Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) ； Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-sharing(ABS) ； Genetic Resources Law

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