上嫁或下嫁？—俄羅斯女性配偶在台生活經驗初探

Hypergamy or Hypogamy?—A Preliminary Research on the Russian Spouses in Taiwan

王劭予(Shao-Yu Wang)

指導教授 ： 黃倩玉

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/人類學研究所/碩士(2008年)

摘要

跨國婚姻的存在並非新現象，只是隨著不同時空背景而映射出各異風貌。台灣目前的研究主要以大陸或東南亞女性為主，無論是將其放置在全球政經脈絡的結構論，或是在台生活之融合與調適，抑或聚焦制度及社會關係之中型研究，均脫離不了商品化的特質。本論文之俄羅斯女性配偶則提供另一面向，從人類學的上下嫁觀點出發，分別以個人認知、國際政經與文化膚色三個層次來檢視俄籍配偶在台生活經驗，發掘跨國婚姻的多樣面貌。
　　研究發現本文接觸之俄籍配偶均為自行認識或透過人際網絡，並無仲介案例，且上下嫁在不同層次與因素影響下，不一定會產生作用。首先在個人認知層次中，只有婚前婚後的想像落差，以及自我調適的人生經歷，因此上下嫁並不存在。而在國際政經層次中，從客觀的結構性因素衡量嫁娶當時的台俄兩國國內生產總額（Gross Domestic Product, GDP）成長率，經濟因素或許會產生上嫁之感，但國家整體的經濟表現，並不能呈現個體的差異性，國際間的政經排名順序也不必然等同於個人的階序關係。此外，夫妻間的教育程度相似，妻子在台也有謀生能力，雖然仍以丈夫的經濟能力為主，但她們也非全然被動接受，有一定程度的自主性與獨立性。
至於文化膚色層次方面，根據報導人的經驗分析，膚色在日常生活中的影響，代表黃與白兩種膚色背後所呈現出的文化階序關係，進而可能造成下嫁之感，但經濟上嫁或膚色下嫁的推論只見於某些個案，其餘則無顯著差異，且國家排名和個人階序關係不必然等同，唯有明顯可辨的膚色是永遠無法改變的因素。然而在衡量客觀結構的同時，實際生活中的俄籍配偶卻無關上下嫁，因此上下嫁的意義與重要性仍有待更多評估與討論。

關鍵字

跨國婚姻 ； 外籍配偶 ； 俄籍女性 ； 上嫁 ； 下嫁 ； 移民 ； 生活調適 ； HASH(0x1a50d120)

並列摘要

Cross-border marriage has existed for centuries. It presents various stories across time and space. It is therefore not something new. The prolific studies of cross-border marriage in Taiwan nearly unanimously focus on the mainland Chinese and southeast Asian spouses. Although these studies use a variety of theories ranging from global political economy, to life adjustment, to the meso-model of institutions and social relations, cross-border marriage is categorically characteristically commodified. In this thesis I focus on an under-studied group, the Russian marriage migrants, and use a different approach that does not ontologically view cross-border marriage as commodified. More specifically, I use the anthropological concepts of hypergamy and hypogamy to analyze my ethnography of the Russian spouses’ life in Taiwan in three levels—personal, structural, and ethnic. In so doing, this thesis aims to contribute to our understanding of the Russian-Taiwanese marriage in terms of these women’s construction of self, in the context of international political economy, and with regard to the issues of cultural and skin-color differences.
All the Russian women I interviewed met their Taiwanese husbands by themselves or through their social networks. There is no brokerage involved. Hypergamy and hypogamy vary in different levels. First, in the self-construction level, there are only the discrepancies between imaginations and realities, and their adjusting process to the married life as well as the new environment. Hypergamy and hypogamy do not exist in this level. Second, based on the difference in Gross Domestic Production (GDP) between Taiwan and Russia, one might expect to find attributes of hypergamy due to the economic motivation for an upward move on the international politico-economic structure. However, a nation’s economic situation does not equal to that of the individual, nor does the difference between nations apply to that between the conjugal relation. Furthermore, Taiwanese husbands and their Russian wives are similar on their education levels. Although husbands are the primary breadwinners, wives can make a living by themselves.
With regards to culture and skin colors, according to the informants’ experience, the significance of skin colors in daily life connotes a cultural hierarchy between yellow and white, and it may lead to hypogamy. However, only a few cases attribute economical hypergamy or hypogamy to skin color. While national discrepancies do not equal to individual differences, skin colors are unchangeable. While we found some hypergamy and hypogamy at work on the politico-economic structure, there is actually no sign of hypergamy and hypogamy in Russian spouses’ daily life. We need more research and discussions to evaluate the significance of hypergamy and hypogamy.

並列關鍵字

cross-border marriage ； foreign spouse ； Russian women ； hypergamy ； hypogamy ； immigrant ； life adjustment ； transnational marriage

參考文獻

　　2001　社會階層化下的婚姻移民與國內勞動市場：以越南新娘為例。刊於台灣社會研究季刊41:99-127。

中央研究院近代史研究所　編

　　1978　信仰與文化。台北：巨流。

　　2002　婆媳與母女：不同世代女性家庭經驗的觀點差異。女學學誌：婦女與性別研究13:179-218。

　　2005　評介邱琡雯：《性別與移動：日本與台灣的亞洲新娘》。女學學誌：婦女與性別研究19:247-255。