- 學位論文
唐代外來香藥知識的形成初探
A Preliminary Study of the Formation of Exotic Aromatics Knowledge in the Tang Dynasty
摘要
外來香藥在中古時期開始大量輸入中國，商品輸入的同時，外來香藥的知識也逐漸累積、建構。本文關注於外來香藥輸入中國過程裡，中國對外來香藥訊息、知識的蒐集與建構。過去學界著重於從國際貿易、宗教儀式、社會生活、文化交流等層面研究外來香藥進口的問題，獲致可觀的成就。本研究則由「知識形成」的角度切入，考察中古時期形成外來香藥的知識過程。再者，為釐清中國本地知識對香藥使用的影響，本研究也就技術層面，分析和香與藥物炮炙的關係。 唐代以前的外來香藥史料散佚嚴重、殘缺不全，但可喜的是，志錄這類史料保存著較為細緻豐富的訊息。當時大致以秦嶺、淮河為界，分為南、北兩國，外來香藥記載則多出自於立足江左的六朝。就我們所知，志錄的撰述者多是由江左地區南下交廣之人，他們可能是使者、官員、或因宗教因素南下，可以反映江左政權在此時期向南推進的時代背景。這些撰述者蒐集訊息的方法可能是親至香藥產地、也可能是聽聞而來，因而蒐集到的訊息極為多元，也無法保證其正確性。但從今日的角度，卻都有值得繼續追索的空間，不見得盡是無稽之談。 到了唐代前期，志錄幾乎消失，但中國對於外來香藥知識的蒐集並未停歇，主要記載可見於《新修本草》。唐代官方以國家力量修纂《新修本草》，脫離過去以個人之力蒐集外來香藥訊息的模式，對外來香藥的認識頗有拓展。唐代南北統一，由政府編修的《新修本草》開啟新的典範，一方面，希望對藥物的原生訊息進行詳細的記錄，另一方面，欲盡可能收錄國內外的各種藥物。然而，地理距離仍對《新修本草》的野心造成限制，某些外來香藥訊息的詳盡度仍不如理想。陳藏器的《本草拾遺》又在《新修本草》的內容之外補充了十多種香藥，但所謂「拾遺」卻多依賴唐以前志錄摘錄的資料，足見實地進行藥物資料蒐集的困難。值得注意的是，陳藏器對藥物療效、用法的補充揭示：在外來香藥的植物形狀、原料、產地訊息難以獲取的同時，中國的使用者、學者仍持續不懈地在可能的範圍內研究流通於本地市場的外來香藥，且展現出一定的成果。 使用技術的發展更能體現中國的使用者、學者這股研究外來香藥的力量。中古時期發展出複雜多樣的和香方。以焚香用的和香方為例，該技術借用炮炙的技術，應用蜂蜜與棗膏製成香丸，醫方書所載的和香作法也顯示形成和香技術的過程是經過多次的實驗、失敗、摸索。整體來看，中古時期的中國在探索、蒐集外來香藥的植物形狀、原料、產地等外在訊息時，他們對於外來香藥本身性質與應用方式亦毫不間斷地在研究、發展。
並列摘要
The introduction and distribution of exotic aromatics in Medieval China has long caught the eye of historians. While the current scholarship is approached in terms of the international trade, religious ritual, social history as well as cultural communication, this study focuses on the formation of aromatics knowledge in Medieval China. In addition, the relationship between hexing (和香) and paozhi (炮炙) is taken into account to illuminate the impact of Chinese local knowledge to the usage of aromatics. Limited by the scarcity of records about the exotic aromatics before the Tang Dynasty, this study takes zhilu (志錄) as the primary sources of analysis. Written by people from Jiangzou (江左) who traveled all the way to Jiaozhou (交州) and Guangzhou (廣州) as ambassadors, officials or pilgrims, most of the zhilu came from the Six Dynasties (六朝), political regimes established in the south of Qinling (秦嶺) and Huaihe (淮河). It had to be admitted that the genuineness of those accounts could not be guaranteed due to their extremely diverse sources. However, the genuineness is not my concern here. Rather, the diversity of zhilu makes this genre suitable to contextualize the formation and construction of exotic aromatics knowlegde. While most of the zhilu had disappeared by the early Tang, efforts to gather information regarding exotic aromatics continued, as revealed in the Xinxiubenciao (新修本草) . Unlike zhilu, which were compiled by individual, the compilation of Xinxiubenciao was sponsored by the state as a result of the reunification of North and South, and thus revealed the extensive knowledge about exotic aromatics. Specifically speaking, Xinxiubenciao created a new paradigm in this genre. On the one hand, it included detailed descriptions concerning the origin of these medical plants. On the other hand, it managed to collect as many native and foreign plants as possible. Nevertheless, constrained by the geographical distance, some of the records on the exotic aromatics remained sketchy. Even though Chen Zang-Qi's (陳藏器) Benciaoshiyi (本草拾遺) added ten more aromatics beside records in the Xinbianbenciao, whose sources based on zhilu instead of personal investigation only reaffirmed the difficulties of taking field investigation of the exotic aromatics. Still, it is worth noting that Chen supplemented Benciaoshiyi with accounts of the efficacy and the prescription of these medicines, indicating the refined understanding held by the local users, experts and scholars in China toward the exotic aromatics through meticulous study on this subject. In addition, the technical development of pharmaceuticals also reflected the contemporary's extensive knowledge of exotic aromatics. For example, the making of hexiangfang (和香方), an aromatics mixed with honey and zaogao (棗膏) for incense, involved the technology of paozhi to produce xiangwan (香丸). Furthermore, the method of hexiang was perfected only through numerous trial-and-error. In conclusion, people in Medieval China studied not only the shape, essence and origin of the exotic aromatics, but also the nature and possible application.