- 學位論文
軟性電子紙顯示器在設計面與使用面之人因工程評估
Ergonomic Evaluation of Designing and Using Flexible Electronic Paper Display
摘要
近年來電子紙顯示技術的研發促成了像一般紙一樣的顯示器，引起各界相當大的關注。本論文目的旨在評估電子紙在製造和使用端影響的關鍵因子，以提供符合人因考量的製造參數設計和使用環境建議，進一步促進人機互動的績效。在電子紙製造設計面上，本論文探討螢幕反光問題、彈性參數設定以及背景反射率。為了解決反射型電子紙的螢幕反光問題，我們分別調查抗反射系列和抗眩光系列表面材質的實際效用，接著再以這些初步評估作為基礎，進一步整合性評估此兩種表面材質系列，並加入製造成本考量，給予電子紙製造廠商評選表面材質的依據參考。另外，我們亦比較抗反射抗眩光複合膜材質和單一種表面材質的實際效用，以提供廠商全面性的表面處理材質評選參考。除此之外，在表面處理材質和反射率參數設計上，我們亦評估不同年齡層視覺所造成的易讀性和視覺疲勞影響，以讓製造廠商設計出適用於不同年齡層的顯示器。在電子紙使用面上，本論文著重在外界照度因子對於電子紙視覺顯示的影響，我們不但探討室內環境一般照度，亦比較室外環境的高照度對於電子紙易讀性與視覺疲勞的影響。另外，本研究將探測使用者在閱讀電子紙顯示器時，當電子紙有較好的可讀性時，其對應之外界照度最小需求。 本論文主要藉由搜尋任務的方法來評估易讀性和視覺疲勞，受試者必須在好幾段落的假文章中作目標搜尋任務。本論文的五個實驗是利用實驗設計的方法來得到關鍵因子的效應。電子紙製造設計面上，表面處理的選擇方面，研究結果顯示在抗反射系列材質中，0.8% AR處理能顯著提升易讀性和降低使用者視覺疲勞；在抗眩光系列材質中，43% haze和7.5% haze則具備同樣較好的視覺績效；在兩種系列材質的混合評估中，43% haze能較有效地提升易讀性，且在降低使用者視覺疲勞上，和0.8% AR的表現差不多。最後在比較抗反射抗眩光複合膜材質和單一種表面材質的評估方面，複合膜ARC較能有效低降低使用者的視覺疲勞。在評估彈性顯示器設計方面，研究結果證實彎曲電子紙設計在人因工程評估後是實際可行的。在背景反射率設定方面，研究結果指出提升電子紙的反射率到跟一般紙的反射率(約80%)是有益於人眼視覺的。電子紙使用面上，研究結果顯示在適宜的照度下(約1500 lux)閱讀電子紙可提升易讀性和減少視覺疲勞。另外，使用者在閱讀電子紙顯示器時，當電子紙有較好的可讀性時，其對應之外界照度最小需求，年輕族群是43 lux，而年長族群則是62 lux。 本論文貢獻可同時涵蓋電子紙顯示器製造廠商和電子紙顯示器使用者兩方面。在製造廠商方面，本研究成果將結合現有電子紙製程發展和人因工程考量，提供電子紙技術產品之整合性評估。在電子紙製造研發階段，這些人因評估建議可以幫助製造廠商相關參數設定上作出決策，廠商可再納入自身製造成本考量，以提升電子紙應用產品的市場競爭力。在使用者方面，本研究可提供使用者有用的建議，讓使用者在適宜的環境下閱讀電子紙。根據製造端和使用端的建議，本研究預期讓電子紙相關產品達到良好的人機互動績效。
並列摘要
In recent years, the research and development of electronic paper (e-paper) has revealed the vision of paper-like display and attracted a great deal of public attention. This research aims to evaluate critical factors of electronic paper on both manufacturing and user sides, and improves the performance of human-machine interactions. As aspect of manufacturing side, this study focuses on screen reflection problem, flexible parameter setting, and background reflectance. To solve screen reflection in reflective-type electronic paper, the practical utility of surface treatment including anti-reflection (AR) series and anti-glare (AG) series were individually investigated. Based on the preliminary findings, we made the integrated evaluation of anti-reflection (AR) and anti-glare (AG) treatment and take manufacturing cost into account. Moreover, we also compared the practical utility of compound treatment of anti-reflection and anti-glare (ARC) with that of single kind of treatment. In addition, users’ age effects on manufacturing parameter setting (e.g. surface treatment, reflectance) were also taken into account. As aspect of user side, this study focuses on the effects of ambient illumination. Both indoor illumination (e.g. 200 lux, 1500 lux, 3000 lux) and outdoor high illumination (e.g. 8000 lux) are discussed and compared. Moreover, the minimum ambient illumination requirement for legible electronic paper display was also investigated in this research. The assessment of electronic paper in the present study focused on legibility and visual fatigue through the method of search task. Subjects were instructed to perform target-search tasks on several paragraphs of pseudo-text. Five experiments in this dissertation were conducted based on the experimental method. As aspect of manufacturing side, the findings of surface treatment indicated that 0.8% AR improved the legibility and reduced visual fatigue significantly among anti-reflection series treatments, and 43% haze and 7.5% haze had the same better visual performance among anti-glare series treatments. Moreover, 43% haze performs better in terms of legibility and can reduce visual fatigue at about the same rate as 0.8% AR. Finally, compared with a single type of treatment, the compound treatment (ARC) exhibited superior properties to effectively reduce visual fatigue. The findings of flexible design showed that bending design of electronic paper is practical. The findings of reflectance setting indicated that enhancing the reflectance of electronic paper to the same level as regular paper (about 80%) was beneficial for human vision. As aspect of user side, the findings showed that reading with electronic paper in appropriate illumination (e.g., 1500 lux) can enhance legibility and limit visual fatigue. In addition, 43 lux and 62 lux were individually the minimum ambient illumination requirements for electronic-paper display in the young and elderly groups. The contribution of this dissertation includes the dimensions of e-paper display manufacturers and users. From manufacturers’ perspectives, these results combine manufacturing development of electronic paper with ergonomic consideration, and provide integrated evaluation. These findings can also help manufacturers to make decisions for some parameter settings in the research and development stage. Furthermore, e-paper manufactures can take cost into account and enhance market competitiveness of e-paper application products. From users’ perspectives, these findings provide useful suggestions to let users read electronic paper in a proper environment. Based on the findings of both manufacturing and user sides, it is expected that e-paper related products will attain a better human-machine interaction.