摘要
本文以語料庫的使用探討beh4 「卜」在早期閩南語中的語法化。語料以明清時代歌仔戲文文本為主，以戰後閩南語語料為輔。首先, 以Palmer (2003) 和Nuyts (2006)的分類為基礎，探討「卜」的情態意義發展、搭配使用的構式及語氣；其次，討論在早期閩南語中，「卜」和其他語詞連用時所塑造出的語義及其發展。 「卜」最早的使用為意志動詞，而後發展出欲求情態語義，由欲求情態語義再發展出義務情態、判斷情態、未來語義、接近語義及條件語義。統計顯示在明清時期，「卜」的欲求情態語義使用為最大宗。從語料的實例考察中發現，判斷情態語義的產生取決於其所在的構式；未來義的產生取決於其主詞的語義屬性(非意志或非有感)或句中存在時態副詞或時相補語；接近義的產生取決於「卜」其後的計量名詞；條件義的出現起源於「卜」與條件標記「那/若」的共現。 在早期閩南語中，「卜」的複合詞包括 「愛卜」、「望卜」、「興卜」、「願卜/甘願卜」、「須卜」, 以及「定卜/必定卜」。「卜」的複合詞從早期閩南語到戰後閩南語的演變，顯示出閩南語傾向以雙音節化的方式使語義更為明確，並且原有的單音節詞和同義的雙音節詞呈現並存甚至競爭的現象。
並列摘要
This paper explores the grammaticalization path of beh4 卜 in Southern Min. The study is conducted based on the inspection into the data gleaned from the scripts of classical Chinese operas from 16th A. D. to early 20th A.D.. Two main issues are to be tackled in this study. The first one is the development of the modality senses of beh4 as well as the construction in which each sense of beh4 is used in Early Southern Min; the second one is the compounds of beh4 and their development in Early Southern Min and post-war Southern Min. As attested in the data, the modality senses of beh4 developed as follows. Beh4 is originally used as a volitional verb taking a noun phrase complement or used in a pivotal construction. Beh4 is then raised to modal position denoting a boulomaic reading, the predominant use of beh4 during the period of Early Southern Min. The third use of beh4 is the deontic modality use denoting necessity. Fourth, beh4 and a following copula si7 是 is lexicalized as a possibility epistemic modal. The construction has two possible interpretations, one being possibility epistemic and the other conditional, and the construction in which beh4 si7卜是 is used determines its interpretation. Fifth, when beh4 is used as a prospective marker, either its subject excludes the ‘Proto-agent’ properties of volition and sentience under the concept of proto-roles, or beh4 co-occurs with aspectual adverbs or achievement verbs, helping to shape the prospective reading of beh4. Sixth, beh4 with a proximative sense denoting ‘nearness’ is often followed by a quantity-denoting NP or an NP that can be given an quantified interpretation. Finally, beh4’s use as a subordinate marker in conditionals stems from its collocation with na2 那/ 若, a canonical conditional marker. To account for the development path of different uses of beh4, the study identifies the bridging contexts where beh4 occurs, providing clues to the grammatical changes that beh4 may undergo. That is, they may motivate beh4 as a boulomaic modal to the necessity deontic modal, a prospective marker denoting future or to a subordinate marker in conditionals. In terms of compounds with beh4, beh4 can form compounds with a range of modals or adverb-like elements denoting love, hope, wish, willingness, necessity, certainty, and so forth, as in ai3beh4 愛卜, bang7beh4望卜, heng3beh4興卜, guan7beh4/ kam1 guan7beh4 願卜/甘願卜, su1 beh4 須卜, and tiann7beh4定卜/pit8- tiann7 beh4必定卜. I further delve into the compounds’ development in post-war SM and find that disyllabification is a common tendency to make meaning explicit.